Department of Economics and Geography

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Development in Africa
(World Affairs, 2018-10-19) Kinyondo, Abel; Riccardo, Pelizzo; Nwokora, Zim
The purpose of this article is to analyze Africa’s progress along the developmental path in the past few decades, to understand what factors were responsible for such success and to identify the risk factors that may compromise further development in the region in the years to come. We advance three basic claims: that Africa has experienced an almost unprecedented (by its standards) level of economic success in the first 15 years of the new millennium, that this success was made possible by a combination of domestic and supranational conditions, and that some of the enabling conditions that supported Africa’s growth and development in the new millennium may be disappearing. The study also suggests that while African countries may not be able to influence the global conditions on which their economic success depends, they do have the ability to influence the domestic conditions. This is why, we suggest, in addition to ensuring longer and healthier lives for their citizens, African countries should consolidate democracy and promote good governance.
No correlation between health care expenditure and mortality in the European Union
(European Journal of Internal Medicine, 2018-09) Mwoya, Byaro; Abel, Kinyondo
The correlation analysis in time series has received considerable attention. Its use plays an important role in the social sciences, finance and medical sciences. Spearman's or Pearson correlation coefficients are the most commonly used for estimation. The assumption such as stationarity makes the validity of time series correlation coefficients.
Resource nationalism in Tanzania: Implications for artisanal and small-scale mining
(The Extractive Industries and Society, 2018-08-09) Abel, Kinyondo; Chris, Huggins
Several African countries have recently enacted mining laws that could be described as resource nationalist: for example, increasing state investment in the sector, increasing royalty rates, and/or requiring local content. These laws mostly focus on large-scale mining (LSM). What implications do they have for artisanal and small mining (ASM)? Particularly in countries where there are forms of cooperation between LSM and ASM (such as purchase agreements, or multi-stakeholder projects for ASM capacity-building), what might resource nationalism mean for such cooperation? This article examines these issues in the case of Tanzania, which enacted several laws in 2017 and reformed the institutional structure of the mining sector. The article is based on interviews with key informants in Tanzania. The research indicates a need for decentralization of decision-making, consultation with stakeholders and increase access to training, capital and technology.
Can Smallholders benefit from the new market opportunities from the extractive industry in Tanzania?
(Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2018-05) Kinyondo, Abel; Sosina, Bezu; Espen, Villanger
The recent discovery of huge oil and gas reserves in Tanzania has created a new opportunity for economic growth and development of the country. Tanzania is expected to be one of the leading producers and exporters of natural gas in the coming decade. However, 88 percent of poor Tanzanians live in rural areas and two-third of the labour force is engaged in agriculture. For the extractive industry to serve as a catalyst for economic growth and poverty reduction, it has to be integrated with the rest of the economy through forward and backward linkages. One such linkage is food supply from agriculture. The projected boom in the extractive industry will open up new market opportunities for farmers to supply food items for high value buyers such as caterers, restaurants, supermarkets and processors. However, to benefit from rapidly expanding high-end food markets, farmers need to have both the capacity and the incentives to supply their produce at the desired quantity and quality. Currently significant portion of the new demand is already being filled by imported goods. This report discusses the opportunities for and challenges of integrating farmers into high-end food markets.
The Performance of the Manufacturing Sector in Tanzania: Challenges and the Way Forward
(UNU-WIDER, 2014) Wangwe, S; Mmari, D; Aikaeli, Jehovaness; Rutatina, N; Mboghoina, T; Kinyondo, Abel
Tanzania’s industrial sector has evolved through various stages since independence in 1961, from nascent and undiversified to state-led import substitution industrialization, and subsequently to de-industrialization under the structural adjustment programmes and policy reforms. The current development agenda, however, has brought industrial development back to be one of the policy priorities. This paper aims at examining the performance of the manufacturing sector, with particular interest in identifying the emerging manufacturing subsectors, drivers of their success, and challenges for sustained competitiveness. The paper shows that manufacturing growth over the last ten years has helped to sustain GDP growth. The growth in manufacturing notwithstanding, it remains largely undiversified, and vulnerable to variations in agricultural production and commodity prices. The most dynamic subsectors in terms of output growth, export growth, production innovation and product diversity are food products, plastic and rubber, chemicals, basic metal work, and non-metallic mineral products. Nevertheless, the domestic value addition is limited by the dependence of imported intermediate goods, signifying limited inter-industry linkages that are important for promoting domestic manufacturing base and employment. Various technological, financial, policy, and administrative constraints remain unresolved and therefore, limiting faster industrial growth and transformation.
In Quest of Inclusive Growth: Exploring the Nexus between Economic Growth, Employment and Poverty in Tanzania
(REPOA, 2014) Islam, R; Kinyondo, Abel
Tanzania’s impressive economic growth during the past decade has not resulted in significant poverty reduction. It is in that context that this study seeks to analyze the nexus between economic growth, employment and poverty in a manner that contributes to the understanding of how the rate poverty reduction can be accelerated. The paper presents a framework for the analysis of the nexus between economic growth, employment and poverty reduction and attempts an application of that framework. The key to the analytical framework is growth of employment in relation to output growth and structural transformation of employment towards sectors and activities with higher productivity so that output growth translates into higher incomes of the poor. Given the limitations of data in Tanzania and the broad scope of the analytical framework mentioned above, its application in the present paper remains limited, partial, and exploratory. While the change in the structure of employment has been very small, the elasticity of employment with respect to output growth has been rather low. The incidence of poverty is linked to the type and sector of employment: poverty being higher amongst those in agriculture and in self-employment. Among the self-employed, those without any additional employee have a higher incidence of poverty compared to those with some employees. Econometric analyses of factors influencing labour force participation show that variables such as age and marital status have positive impact on participation regardless of gender. Households in rural areas show higher participation in the labour force compared to their urban counterparts. However, contrary to a priori expectations, the influence of education is found to be statistically insignificant
Benchmarks for Codes of Conduct
(The Parliamentarian., 2015) Coghill, Ken; Kinyondo, Abel
Parliamentary Codes of Conduct and Ethics are increasingly used by parliaments, both national and provincial or state, to regulate the behaviour of members. Bench-marking them then becomes a crucial matters. This work suggests ways to do exactly that.
The role and effectiveness of Special Economic Zones in Tanzania
(UNU-WIDER, 2016) Kinyondo, Abel; Carol, Newmann; Finn, Tarp
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) have been successfully used as an industrial policy tool in many countries. Efforts to create SEZs in Tanzania began in 2002, and were stepped up through the establishment of the Export Processing Zone Authority (EPZA) in 2006. A number of state-run zones are now in existence. Little is known, however, about how successful they have been. This paper aims to help fill this gap by exploring the role of state-owned SEZs in Tanzania. The focus is on understanding the nature and extent of interactions between firms and their employees within zones, the extent to which zones facilitate technology transfers, and the perceived benefits and constraints associated with operating with zones. We also examine the functioning of the EPZA and the bureaucratic structure surrounding the operation of zones.
How should Tanzania use its natural gas? Citizens’ views from a nationwide deliberative poll
(International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, 2017) Birdsall, N; Fishkin, J; Haqqi, F; Kinyondo, Abel; Moyo, M; Richmond, J; Sandefur, J
Public opinion is often treated as an obstacle to good governance in resource-rich developing countries, associated with populist policies and excess consumption. Can ordinary citizens in a low-income democracy make meaningful judgements about complex resource management issues? We report on a nationwide poll of voting-age adults in Tanzania, where large natural gas reserves were recently discovered. Results from a randomized experiment within our nationwide polling sample show that the combination of information and extended, structured, and participatory deliberation generated (i) a measurable increase in knowledge of the gas sector; (ii) increased support for sale of natural gas and reduced support for energy subsidies; (iii) no change in support for saving versus spending gas revenues; (iv) a sharp decline in support for direct cash distribution of resource rents to citizens; (v) increased support for spending on social services as opposed to infrastructure; and (vi) a marginally significant increase in support for transparency and oversight measures. Democratic deliberation appears to be the key to these changes; the information treatment alone produced no significant impacts, and impacts did not spill over onto individuals in the same community who did not participate in deliberation. As part of a second-order experiment to measure public accountability, we provided the citizens’ polling results to elites before polling them on a subset of the same questions. Our analysis indicates that elites demonstrate a tendency to align their views with public opinion on most major issues.
Legislative Capacity Building: Pacific Case Studies
(Springer International Publishing, 2016) Kinyondo, Abel
The Cost of Party System Change: The Case of Tanzania
(Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017) Kinyondo, Abel; Nwokora, Zim; Pelizzo, Riccardo
A Functionalist Theory of Oversight
(Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017) Kinyondo, Abel; Pelizzo, Riccardo; Umar, A
Strengthening Parliaments in the Pacific Region
(2014) Kinyondo, Abel
This book reports an investigation of the relationship between training and parliamentary performance in the Pacific region. It innovatively draws on the theories from political science, adult education and training and human resources fields in an attempt to explain that relationship. Attention is drawn on those who fund, develop and conduct education and training programs for members of parliament. Subsequently, the value or otherwise of using external, fly-in-fly-out training providers from other cultural and political systems is identified and evaluated. The role of International Organizations in funding, developing and evaluating parliamentarians' education and training programs and the resources spent on consultants is also examined. Furthermore, the role of parliamentary staff in assisting MPs to enhance their knowledge, skills and abilities is scrutinized including structural and other challenges they would face if they were to play a more significant role. The book concludes by offering suggestions on how education and training programs for MPs, and by extension the performance of parliaments, could be improved.
Governance in Africa
(Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017) Pelizzo, Riccardo; Kinyondo, Abel
Good governance matters. Or at least this is what scholars and practitioners have been saying for nearly twenty years. The studies included in this volume are devoted to developing a better understanding of governance and good governance in Africa, its causes, its consequences and the ways in which good governance can be enhanced in the region. In doing so some attention is paid to how African problems can be addressed and possibly resolved by African solutions.
Tourism in Africa. Development and inequality
(Prospero Editore, 2017) Pelizzo, Riccardo; Kinyondo, Abel
Tourism industry has experienced a massive growth at the global level over the past two decades. The growth of the tourism sector has been faster in Africa than in the world as a whole. Given its rapid growth and its increasing importance, scholars, practitioners, policy makers, and tourism professionals have started paying increasing attention to Africa. This book seeks to provide yet another opportunity for Africa's tourism sector to be better understood particularly in the context of how it can aid development and reduce inequality.
Making Tourism Work for Tanzania.
(Lambert Academic Publishing, 2018) Pelizzo, Riccardo; Kinyondo, Abel
The tourism industry in Tanzania has experienced an extraordinary growth over the years. The success of the industry is hardly surprising. Few destinations worldwide can compete with what Tanzania has to offer. But tourism is a very competitive industry. Destinations rise and decline. The tourism hot spots of the 1950s were entirely forgotten by the would. The top destinations of the late would had fallen into oblivion by the end of 1990s. Some destinations that enjoyed some considerable success at the beginning of the new millennium had already been supplanted by the beginning of the 2010s. It is in this context that Tanzania's tourism industry has to be shaped in a manner that can withstand such cyclic eventuality. "Making Tourism Work for Tanzania" is a book that offers recommendations that could help the industry not only grow sustainable but also become beneficial to all Tanzanians.
Determinants of loan repayment performance in microcredit institutions: Evidence from Tanzania
(Asia-African Journal of Economics and Econometrics, 2009) Kinyondo, Abel; Okurut, Nathan
This study investigated the key factors that influence loan repayment performance among group clients of microcredit institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania. This was motivated by the fact that sustainability of MFIs is critical for poverty reduction among the poor through sustainable access to credit. Sustainability of microcredit institutions is greatly influenced by the loan repayment performance of their clients. High repayment rates enable MFIs to recover interest income and minimize loan losses which enhance profits. In turn, these profits enhance the capital base which enables microcredit institutions to increase their outreach and reduce their dependence on donors. The study was based on a sample of 150 respondents from PRIDE and FINCA in Kariakoo Division, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The logit model regression results suggest that experience, training time, and sanctions have positive and significant effects on loan repayment performance among group clients of MFIs. However transaction costs and group size have negative and significant effects on loan repayment performance. The policy options to improve loan repayment performance among group clients of MFIs in Tanzania include: encouraging long term relationship with groups (i.e. client retention), adequate training of groups, establishing lasting social sanctions within the groups and by the microcredit institutions, cutting down transaction costs incurred by groups and encouraging more coordination amongst MFIs through the creation of a credit reference bureau.
The functions of Parliament: reality challenges tradition
(Australasian Parliamentary Review, 2012) Kinyondo, Abel; Coghill, Ken; Lewis, Colleen; Holland, Peter; Steinack, K
The functions of parliaments have been variously described by scholars and in parliamentary documents but there have been few, if any, reported studies of how parliamentary practitioners see their own institutions. This paper reports practitioner perceptions of contemporary functions of fifteen selected national legislatures. The research is embedded in a wider project on parliamentary careers that looks at a total of 60 national parliaments. It investigates what knowledge, skills and abilities assist MPs in successfully fulfilling their responsibilities, the nature and content of professional development programs available to MPs and the effect these programs have on enhancing knowledge, skills and abilities.2 The responsibilities of MPs relate to the functions of the parliamentary chamber to which they have been elected. Hence, for consistency reasons, the research focused only on national parliaments.
Return on Training Investment in Parliaments: The Need for Change in the Pacific Region
(Parliamentary Affairs, 2012) Kinyondo, Abel
Despite substantial investment in training in Pacific parliaments, which has continued for more than a decade, parliamentary performance for many countries in the region has barely improved. Indeed, Pacific parliaments are still widely regarded as weak. The inability of training programmes to improve parliamentary performance in several areas of the Pacific led the researcher to query whether training providers are concentrating their resources on the right people. Using a multi-case design that used interviews in five Pacific parliaments—Marshall Islands, Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste, Tonga and Vanuatu—the author argues that training providers should give priority to parliamentary staff rather than members of parliaments.
Strengthening parliaments: Some lessons from the Pacific Region
(Politics and Policy, 2013) Kinyondo, Abel; Pelizzo, Riccardo
There is universal agreement among development stakeholders that parliaments play a crucial role in enhancing good governance, economic growth, and development as well as the general quality of democracy. It follows from this fact that several international organizations (IOs) have embarked in activities that seek to strengthen legislative capacity. However, we note that there is a lack of consensus—among IOs and in key literature—on the right approach to strengthen parliaments.Consequently, IOs have been offering varying legislative-strengthening exercises that have inevitably produced significantly different and, at times, disappointing outcomes. Using a multicase study design that includes five Pacific countries, we show that to attain positive and significant outcomes, legislative capacity-building initiatives need to be country specific and informed by local needs assessment. We further reassert that no amount of legislative capacity-building effort can enhance parliamentary performance in the absence of local political will.

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