Department of Economics and Geography

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Determinants of loan repayment performance in microcredit institutions: Evidence from Tanzania
(Asia-African Journal of Economics and Econometrics, 2009) Kinyondo, Abel; Okurut, Nathan
This study investigated the key factors that influence loan repayment performance among group clients of microcredit institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania. This was motivated by the fact that sustainability of MFIs is critical for poverty reduction among the poor through sustainable access to credit. Sustainability of microcredit institutions is greatly influenced by the loan repayment performance of their clients. High repayment rates enable MFIs to recover interest income and minimize loan losses which enhance profits. In turn, these profits enhance the capital base which enables microcredit institutions to increase their outreach and reduce their dependence on donors. The study was based on a sample of 150 respondents from PRIDE and FINCA in Kariakoo Division, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The logit model regression results suggest that experience, training time, and sanctions have positive and significant effects on loan repayment performance among group clients of MFIs. However transaction costs and group size have negative and significant effects on loan repayment performance. The policy options to improve loan repayment performance among group clients of MFIs in Tanzania include: encouraging long term relationship with groups (i.e. client retention), adequate training of groups, establishing lasting social sanctions within the groups and by the microcredit institutions, cutting down transaction costs incurred by groups and encouraging more coordination amongst MFIs through the creation of a credit reference bureau.
Return on Training Investment in Parliaments: The Need for Change in the Pacific Region
(Parliamentary Affairs, 2012) Kinyondo, Abel
Despite substantial investment in training in Pacific parliaments, which has continued for more than a decade, parliamentary performance for many countries in the region has barely improved. Indeed, Pacific parliaments are still widely regarded as weak. The inability of training programmes to improve parliamentary performance in several areas of the Pacific led the researcher to query whether training providers are concentrating their resources on the right people. Using a multi-case design that used interviews in five Pacific parliaments—Marshall Islands, Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste, Tonga and Vanuatu—the author argues that training providers should give priority to parliamentary staff rather than members of parliaments.
The functions of Parliament: reality challenges tradition
(Australasian Parliamentary Review, 2012) Kinyondo, Abel; Coghill, Ken; Lewis, Colleen; Holland, Peter; Steinack, K
The functions of parliaments have been variously described by scholars and in parliamentary documents but there have been few, if any, reported studies of how parliamentary practitioners see their own institutions. This paper reports practitioner perceptions of contemporary functions of fifteen selected national legislatures. The research is embedded in a wider project on parliamentary careers that looks at a total of 60 national parliaments. It investigates what knowledge, skills and abilities assist MPs in successfully fulfilling their responsibilities, the nature and content of professional development programs available to MPs and the effect these programs have on enhancing knowledge, skills and abilities.2 The responsibilities of MPs relate to the functions of the parliamentary chamber to which they have been elected. Hence, for consistency reasons, the research focused only on national parliaments.
Strengthening parliaments: Some lessons from the Pacific Region
(Politics and Policy, 2013) Kinyondo, Abel; Pelizzo, Riccardo
There is universal agreement among development stakeholders that parliaments play a crucial role in enhancing good governance, economic growth, and development as well as the general quality of democracy. It follows from this fact that several international organizations (IOs) have embarked in activities that seek to strengthen legislative capacity. However, we note that there is a lack of consensus—among IOs and in key literature—on the right approach to strengthen parliaments.Consequently, IOs have been offering varying legislative-strengthening exercises that have inevitably produced significantly different and, at times, disappointing outcomes. Using a multicase study design that includes five Pacific countries, we show that to attain positive and significant outcomes, legislative capacity-building initiatives need to be country specific and informed by local needs assessment. We further reassert that no amount of legislative capacity-building effort can enhance parliamentary performance in the absence of local political will.
Strengthening parliaments in nascent democracies: The Need to prioritise reforms
(Australasian Parliamentary Review, 2013) Kinyondo, Abel
Despite multi-million dollar spending by donor countries such as Australia and New Zealand on parliamentary training, the effectiveness of parliaments, which is hereby defined by the ability of parliaments to be responsive to voters’ needs, has not had significant improvements in the Pacific region. Some of the reasons suggested to be responsible for the weak state of Pacific parliaments include, a clash between traditional and modern systems of governance, smallness of population and ethnic heterogeneity as well as the weakness of political parties in the region. However, successes in countries faced with similar challenges elsewhere in the world, such as Mauritius and Botswana, suggest that such challenges are surmountable in the presence of better ways to strengthen these parliaments. This paper argues that, in order to improve the effectiveness of parliaments in nascent democracies, targeted and meaningful legislative reforms should be employed prior to employing other approaches to strengthening parliaments. Tonga is used to demonstrate this reality Analysis of parliamentary training programs is made and subsequent reforms suggested which, if applied in timely way, could significantly improve the effectiveness of Tonga’s parliament. Importantly, some of the recommendations drawn have a wider relevance to improving the effectiveness of parliaments in other emerging democracies.
Public Accounts Committees in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Comparative Analysis
(Politics and Policy, 2014) Kinyondo, Abel; Pelizzo, Riccardo
This article provides the first and most comprehensive analysis of Public Accounts Committees (PACs) from Eastern and Southern Africa building on the work of McGee, Jacobs, Stapenhurst, and Staddon. By analyzing an original set of data, this article shows that PACs in these two regions are bigger, have more staff members, and are more likely to be chaired by opposition Members of Parliament than they have in other countries and regions. Furthermore, the data show that Eastern and Southern African PACs are more active than their counterparts elsewhere. However, lack of political will and limits to the range of powers that they enjoy as well as the dearth of quality technical support from parliamentary staff significantly undermines the effectiveness of these committees and their ability to play a greater role in curbing corruption.
The Performance of the Manufacturing Sector in Tanzania: Challenges and the Way Forward
(UNU-WIDER, 2014) Wangwe, S; Mmari, D; Aikaeli, Jehovaness; Rutatina, N; Mboghoina, T; Kinyondo, Abel
Tanzania’s industrial sector has evolved through various stages since independence in 1961, from nascent and undiversified to state-led import substitution industrialization, and subsequently to de-industrialization under the structural adjustment programmes and policy reforms. The current development agenda, however, has brought industrial development back to be one of the policy priorities. This paper aims at examining the performance of the manufacturing sector, with particular interest in identifying the emerging manufacturing subsectors, drivers of their success, and challenges for sustained competitiveness. The paper shows that manufacturing growth over the last ten years has helped to sustain GDP growth. The growth in manufacturing notwithstanding, it remains largely undiversified, and vulnerable to variations in agricultural production and commodity prices. The most dynamic subsectors in terms of output growth, export growth, production innovation and product diversity are food products, plastic and rubber, chemicals, basic metal work, and non-metallic mineral products. Nevertheless, the domestic value addition is limited by the dependence of imported intermediate goods, signifying limited inter-industry linkages that are important for promoting domestic manufacturing base and employment. Various technological, financial, policy, and administrative constraints remain unresolved and therefore, limiting faster industrial growth and transformation.
Strengthening Parliaments in the Pacific Region
(2014) Kinyondo, Abel
This book reports an investigation of the relationship between training and parliamentary performance in the Pacific region. It innovatively draws on the theories from political science, adult education and training and human resources fields in an attempt to explain that relationship. Attention is drawn on those who fund, develop and conduct education and training programs for members of parliament. Subsequently, the value or otherwise of using external, fly-in-fly-out training providers from other cultural and political systems is identified and evaluated. The role of International Organizations in funding, developing and evaluating parliamentarians' education and training programs and the resources spent on consultants is also examined. Furthermore, the role of parliamentary staff in assisting MPs to enhance their knowledge, skills and abilities is scrutinized including structural and other challenges they would face if they were to play a more significant role. The book concludes by offering suggestions on how education and training programs for MPs, and by extension the performance of parliaments, could be improved.
In Quest of Inclusive Growth: Exploring the Nexus between Economic Growth, Employment and Poverty in Tanzania
(REPOA, 2014) Islam, R; Kinyondo, Abel
Tanzania’s impressive economic growth during the past decade has not resulted in significant poverty reduction. It is in that context that this study seeks to analyze the nexus between economic growth, employment and poverty in a manner that contributes to the understanding of how the rate poverty reduction can be accelerated. The paper presents a framework for the analysis of the nexus between economic growth, employment and poverty reduction and attempts an application of that framework. The key to the analytical framework is growth of employment in relation to output growth and structural transformation of employment towards sectors and activities with higher productivity so that output growth translates into higher incomes of the poor. Given the limitations of data in Tanzania and the broad scope of the analytical framework mentioned above, its application in the present paper remains limited, partial, and exploratory. While the change in the structure of employment has been very small, the elasticity of employment with respect to output growth has been rather low. The incidence of poverty is linked to the type and sector of employment: poverty being higher amongst those in agriculture and in self-employment. Among the self-employed, those without any additional employee have a higher incidence of poverty compared to those with some employees. Econometric analyses of factors influencing labour force participation show that variables such as age and marital status have positive impact on participation regardless of gender. Households in rural areas show higher participation in the labour force compared to their urban counterparts. However, contrary to a priori expectations, the influence of education is found to be statistically insignificant
Benchmarks for Codes of Conduct
(The Parliamentarian., 2015) Coghill, Ken; Kinyondo, Abel
Parliamentary Codes of Conduct and Ethics are increasingly used by parliaments, both national and provincial or state, to regulate the behaviour of members. Bench-marking them then becomes a crucial matters. This work suggests ways to do exactly that.
Real Wages and Labour Productivity in Tanzania: How Do They Link?
(Journal of African Studies and Development, 2015) Kinyondo, Abel; Islam, R; Nganga, Joseph
Using data from national level surveys, the present paper undertakes an empirical an empirical analysis of the linkage between labour productivity and real wages in Tanzania. After making tabular presentations of growth in labour productivity and real wages by industry and sector (public and private), regression analysis is undertaken to examine the factors that influence incomes. Granger causality is applied to examine nature of relationship between real wages and productivity for manufacturing industries. The paper finds no clear pattern in the link between real wages and productivity. Real incomes in the private sector have registered negative growth while the opposite has been the case in the public sector. In addition to education, age, occupation and location are found to be important determinants of income.
The Relationship between Stock Market Capitalization and Money Demand in Tanzania: Evidence from ARDL Approach and Granger Causality Test
(International Journal of World History and Economics, 2015) Kinyondo, Abel; Byaro, Mwoya
This paper investigates the relationship between stock market capitalization (MC) and money demand in Tanzania between 2000 and 2010. Findings show the presence of a long-run relationship between MC, extended broad money (M3) and interest rate when real GDP serves as dependent variable. Furthermore, saving deposit rate/real interest rate, M3 and MC variables were found to have a positive and significant influence on real GDP. However, the study captures the absence of long-run relationship between MC and money demand when M3 act as dependent variable. Also the study found a unidirectional relationship between MC and real GDP with causality running from MC to real GDP. This suggests that MC plays a vital role in promoting economic growth in Tanzania. Moreover bidirectional causality between M3 and MC was found. This implies that MC has an impact on M3 in the short run. In turn, unidirectional causality running from broad money (M2) to MC was found meaning M2 has an impact on MC growth. Given the obvious impact of MC in economic growth in Tanzania, the paper concludes by strongly recommending for policies geared towards promoting MC growth including controlled expansionary monetary policies.
Tourism, development, and inequality: The case of Tanzania
(Poverty and Public Policy, 2015) Kinyondo, Abel; Pelizzo, Riccardo
For most of the post-WWII era, scholars have attempted to understand, define, and measure development. A large and growing body of work has in fact investigated its causes and the consequences and has dissented as to whether tourism represents a proper determinant of growth and development. Yet, while scholars have started investigating the contribution that tourism can make to economic growth and development from the 1970s onward, considerably less attention has been paid to assessing whether tourism-induced growth is pro-poor or not—that is, whether tourism-induced growth and development contribute to the reduction of poverty and income inequality. Building on data collected from several institutional sources and on the insights gathered in the course of several interviews with the officials from the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, we wish to investigate the relationship between the development of the tourism industry, economic development, employment and income inequality in Tanzania.
The Costs of Party System Change: The Case of Tanzania
(SelectedWorks, 2015-08-21) Pelizzo, Riccardo; Kinyondo, Abel; Nwokora, Zim
As Tanzanians prepare to go to the polls and the country awaits an election that could mark the end of the CCM rule, potentially ushering in dramatic change in the Tanzanian party system, analysing the relationship between the changeability of the Tanzanian party system and the various aspects of the Tanzanian democracy is both timely and valuable. This is so for at least two reasons. First, such an analysis provides a basis for assessing whether and to what extent the political consequences of party system change in Tanzania are similar to the observations made by Nwokora and Pelizzo (2015) for the South East Asian region. By doing so, we are also able to make a contribution to the comparative study of the consequences of party system change—a topic which, as Nwokora and Pelizzo (2015) reported, has not been adequately covered in the literature. Secondly, such an analysis can also enable us to make some tentative, but educated, guesses as to what may happen in Tanzania if, as many observers have repeatedly predicted, the Presidential elections of next October mark the end of the CCM’s rule.
Legislative Capacity Building: Pacific Case Studies
(Springer International Publishing, 2016) Kinyondo, Abel
Resource nationalism and local content in Tanzania: Experiences from mining and consequences for the petroleum sector
(The Extractive Industries and Society, 2016) Kinyondo, Abel; Lange, Siri
Many resource-rich African countries have recently drafted local content policies for their petroleum sector. Using Tanzania as an example, this paper argues that previous experiences in the extractive industries are a central factor for public sentiments and debates on resource nationalism and local content in the petroleum sector. The paper focuses on the shifting local content polices in the mining sector over the last two decades and presents some of the initiatives that mining companies have taken to increase the local content. The 2010 Mining Act has weak and unbinding requirements on local content. National statistics show that there has been no increase in the local purchase of goods and services and that the percentage of expats in the sector has been relatively stable over the years. As in other African countries, local content is subject to elite capture and patronage, but support to cooperatives is one way of involving local communities in a positive manner. Discontent with the contribution of mining to the national economy entailed a heated debate on local content policies for the petroleum sector, but the legislation that were put in place in 2015 ended up being relatively ‘soft’, due to the fear of losing investors.
The role and effectiveness of Special Economic Zones in Tanzania
(UNU-WIDER, 2016) Kinyondo, Abel; Carol, Newmann; Finn, Tarp
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) have been successfully used as an industrial policy tool in many countries. Efforts to create SEZs in Tanzania began in 2002, and were stepped up through the establishment of the Export Processing Zone Authority (EPZA) in 2006. A number of state-run zones are now in existence. Little is known, however, about how successful they have been. This paper aims to help fill this gap by exploring the role of state-owned SEZs in Tanzania. The focus is on understanding the nature and extent of interactions between firms and their employees within zones, the extent to which zones facilitate technology transfers, and the perceived benefits and constraints associated with operating with zones. We also examine the functioning of the EPZA and the bureaucratic structure surrounding the operation of zones.
The Cost of Party System Change: The Case of Tanzania
(Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017) Kinyondo, Abel; Nwokora, Zim; Pelizzo, Riccardo
Local content requirements in the petroleum sector in Tanzania: A thorny road from inception to implementation?
(The Extractive Industries and Society, 2017) Kinyondo, Abel; Villanger, Espen
Tanzania has recently discovered huge offshore natural gas fields. This has led the Government to develop local content policies (LCPs) to increase job and business opportunities for nationals in the sector. We study the process behind the development of these policies and the positions of stakeholders. We find that although there is a positive view among domestic stakeholders of imposing such policies, there is much suspicion—to such a degree that it shapes their recommendations of which policies to include in the LCP. One reason is that the Government monopolized the policy development process and abstained from conducting a consultative process. Our findings suggest that future Tanzanian policy development should include in-depth consultations to maximize the decision maker’s knowledge base, add to the transparency of the process and manage expectations. This would also contribute to effective implementation and lessen tensions, conflicts and suspicion among stakeholders.
Enhancing rural livelihoods in Tanzania: A small-holder farmers’ perspective
(International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies, 2017) Kinyondo, Abel; Magashi, Joseph
Poverty reduction has been a difficult milestone for Tanzania to achieve despite recording remarkable economic growth over the past decade. This is because the attained growth is not inclusive, in that sectors contributing to this growth employ fewer people. Given the fact that agriculture continues to employ the majority of people in Tanzania, efforts to improve livelihoods should necessarily be geared towards transforming the sector. It is in this context that using a sample of 3,000 farmers from 13 regions of Tanzania; this Tanzania, this study set out to examine challenges facing farmers and their respective solutions following the sustainable livelihood framework. Findings show that improving farmers’ livelihoods would entail concerted efforts by the government to avail to farmers, quality and affordable seeds, fertilizer, agricultural infrastructures, subsidies, extension services, markets, information alert, affordable loans, and areas for pastures. This implies that the government needs to allocate enough funds to the agricultural sector if farmers’ needs are to be met. We note, however, that government’s allocation to the sector has alarmingly generally been exhibiting a declining trend for the past four years. It is against this background that we strongly recommend that the government rethinks its position and prioritize the agricultural sector in its budget.

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