Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

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Acquiring Human Capital Skills through Labour Migrancy: The Case of Colonial Njombe District, 1900-1960s
(Hipatia Press, 2016-07-30) Mgaya, Edward
The migration of labourers to centres of mining, plantations and industrial production has been one of the most important demographic features of the African continent since its incorporation into the capitalist money economy. It is, however, surprisingly that the influence of this phenomenon on rural transformations remains largely unexplored. Most of studies have addressed the negative consequences of labour on the local communities. This is the impression that this paper aims to correct by using colonial Njombe as a case study. While not denying the detrimental impacts of labour migration, the paper integrates written and oral information to establish that such exclusive attribution of rural underdevelopment to labour migration was indeed a traditional way of viewing labour migration. Such views were mainly a result of macro-economic cost-benefit analysis that economists have always considered and emphasized upon. This article, therefore, is an effort to go beyond such economic arena by considering the acquisition of human capital particularly linking labour migration with western education and the spread of the Kiswahili language. Drawing from transformational approaches, this article argues that knowledge and skills that Njombe migrant labourers got from different work places, imbued them with elements which knowingly or unknowingly became part of the instruments for the wider rural transformations
Africa’s Leadership Challenges in the 21st Century: What Can Leaders Learn from Africa’s Pre-Colonial Leadership and Governance?
(RedFame, 2015-04-09) Poncian, Japhace; Mgaya, Edward
Africa continues to face serious development challenges despite recent record growth rates. Such challenges as dependency, corruption, underdeveloped infrastructure and production sectors, and leadership and governance are some of the impediments to Africa’s quest for sustainable and equitable development. Explaining such development challenges has continued to elude scholars. To the radical leftist scholars, Africa’s underdevelopment can adequately be explained by its forceful and uneven integration into the global economic system. However, with over fifty years of independence, the debate is increasingly focusing on Africa’s leadership as good explanation for its poverty and underdevelopment. This paper argues that the current poverty and underdevelopment of Africa have much to do with enabling conditions created by African leaders and proposes that addressing this requires Africans to go back to pre-colonial history where they can tap good lessons rather than continuing importing Western based models which may not necessarily fit into Africa’s unique characteristics.
Analysis of Transaction Costs in Coffee Cooperatives: A Case of Arumeru District of Tanzania
(2009) Mbise, Mirau
This study assesses the capacity of co-operatives in reducing the transaction costs in Arumeru district, Arusha region. The main objective was to compare transaction costs between users and non users of co-operatives. Descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test were used to analyse the data. When the transaction costs from all aspects were added up and the means compared by using t-statistic, the result showed that transaction costs incurred by members and non-members of co-operatives don’t differ significantly. The study recommends the monitoring and evaluation of policies formulated to insure good performance of coffee production and marketing.
Assessment of Communitiescoping Mechanisms to Geodisasters in the Vicinity of Oldoinyo Lengai, Northern Tanzania
(2014) Haulle, Evaristo
Assessment of Traditional Environmental Knowledge Systems Applied to Climate Change and Variability Adaptation in Rombo District, Tanzania
(2019) Fundisha, Evarist
This study was done to assess the efficacy of traditional environmental knowledge systems (TEKS) applied to climate change and variability adaptation in Rombo District, Tanzania. Different methods of data collection, analysis and presentation were employed for sensible report. Results indicate the study community have, to some extent, managed to withstand the effects of climate change and variability and other stressors by employing TEKS. The devised adaptation strategies to crop failure resulted from climate change and variability can be related to agronomic techniques, social coherence and livelihood diversification. The efficacy of the devised adaptation strategies were hindered by small land sizes, location, insolvency, technical knowhow, and climate change and variability. For effective adaptation to climate change and variability, multidisciplinary approaches that consider location and socio-economic characteristics of individuals are recommended.
ASSESSMENT OF TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS APPLIED TO RAINFALL FORECASTING IN ROMBO DISTRICT, TANZANIA
(2016) Fundisha, Evarist
Accurate rainfall forecasting enables rural communities to make informed, timely and effective decisions on their farming activities presumably leading to increased productivity. As such, a more appropriate, accessible and user friendly rainfall forecasting methods and information is needed. This study was conducted to assess efficacy of the traditional environmental knowledge systems applied to rainfall forecasting in Rombo District, Tanzania for sustainable climate change adaptation. Triangulation of data collection methods were used to obtain diverse and detailed information. Out of 611 interviewees, 44.2% could forecast rainfall using environmental indicators (EIs) of whom 75.5% were unable to forecast beyond a week. It was somewhat difficult to judge the reliability of some EIs in forecasting rainfall because the same indicator was rated differently by different respondents, as very reliable, reliable, not reliable and no longer reliable. Although half of the respondents anticipated a decrease in rainfall, forecasting from Global Climate Models revealed the opposite. The study recommends a multidisciplinary approach and sharing of knowledge and information for effective rainfall forecasting.
Assessment on the State of Household Food Security in Bahi District, Tanzania
(Modern Scientific Press, 2016) Myeya, Helena E; Kamangu, Abdallah A
Abstract: This paper is an attempt to assess the variations on the state of household food security in Bahi district, Tanzania. A cross sectional research design with quantitative and qualitative methods was employed to 130 household heads. Interviews, focus group discussions, documentary review and field observations were used in data collection. Descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages were used to analyze quantitative data while content analysis has been used to analyze qualitative data. Findings indicate that the total actual grain available during the time of survey was 740 bags, meeting only 61.1% of the total requirements of 1210 bags. Analysis on the number of meals eaten per day during the time of this study affirmed that only 20.8% of the sampled households could afford the normal three meals a day. The study concludes that, transitory household food insecurity is real in the study area calling for viable measures to be taken including improvement in food production, availability, proper storage, supply, proper use of the harvested crops and improvement of peoples’ livelihoods are inevitable. This can be done through provision of soft credit, agricultural inputs, farming and storage education and improvement of transport systems to ensure timely supply and distribution of food in times of critical food shortage.
At the Mid of Polarity: Rethinking Medium Farms as Solution to Vulnerability for Small-scale Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa
(Alanya Academic Review Journal, 2018-02) Mgaya, Edward, S.
Strategies to increase agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa have mostly been thought to occur through one of the two predominant pathways: large-scale commercial production or intensification of small holder plots. Considerable efforts have been made to further each of these two strategies. It is clear, therefore, that the efforts to go beyond such polarized academic debate on the key challenges to farm size in relation to food productivity is still wanting. Such polarization of the debate presents the obvious problem of limiting solutions by obscuring those that fall in the middle. It is in such a context that the argument for the expansion of medium-scale farming is lost. This article brings alive the lost in the debate about the expansion of medium scale farmers. Arguing from transitional model, the article reimagine medium farms as solution to vulnerability of small scale farmers and their food productivity.
At the Mid of Polarity: Rethinking Medium Farms as Solution to Vulnerability for Small-scale Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa
(Alanya Academic Review Journal, 2018-02) Mgaya, Edward
Strategies to increase agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa have mostly been thought to occur through one of the two predominant pathways: large-scale commercial production or intensification of small holder plots. Considerable efforts have been made to further each of these two strategies. It is clear, therefore, that the efforts to go beyond such polarized academic debate on the key challenges to farm size in relation to food productivity is still wanting. Such polarization of the debate presents the obvious problem of limiting solutions by obscuring those that fall in the middle. It is in such a context that the argument for the expansion of medium-scale farming is lost. This article brings alive the lost in the debate about the expansion of medium scale farmers. Arguing from transitional model, the article reimagine medium farms as solution to vulnerability of small scale farmers and their food productivity.
Building Community Resilience to Earthquake Disaster Risk Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case of Southwestern Tanzania
(Tanzania UNESCO National Committee, 2009) Hambat, Hebert; Haulle, Evaristo; Rugumamu, William
Challenges encountered by smallholder farmers in adapting to adverse effects of climate change in semi-arid areas of Central Tanzania
(University of Warsaw, 2018-11) Myeya, Helena E
This article investigates adaptation measures and challenges facing smallholder farmers in adapting to climate change and variability effects in semiarid areas of Dodoma region, central Tanzania. Mixed method research approach under cross-sectional survey design was employed in data collection. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis have been used in analyzing and presenting the findings. The study results indicate that smallholder farmers have observed variations in rainfall and temperature trends that were linked to reduced cereal crop yields. The study noted that the farmers respond to reduced cereal crop yields by implementing various adaptive strategies. They include growing drought tolerant crop varieties, practicing intercropping, shifting the planting to earlier/later dates, increase farm sizes and out-migration. It was further found in this study that smallholder farmers encountered a number of challenges when they take adaptation measures to overcome declining crop yields. The challenges include inadequate capital, elevated agricultural equipment and input prices and absence of soft loans arrangements. Other challenges include low price for agricultural produce, poor weather information and agricultural extension services all of which rendered negative effects on cereal crop production and household food security. The impact of climate change and variability are conclusively evident in this study while effective smallholder farmer’s adaptation mechanisms are limited. To ensure household food security, purposeful institutional intervention plans and optimal support on extension services and provision of credit facilities are needed on viable adaptation strategies against impacts of climate change and variability in semiarid areas of Tanzania.
Christian-Muslim Relations in Tanzania: A Threat to Future Stability and Peace?
(Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 2015) Poncian, Japhace
Community Awareness and their Response to Bio fuel Production in Tanzania: A Case of Kisarawe and Singida Districts
(SRYAHWA Publications, 2015-07-25) Haulle, Evaristo
The papers assess the community awareness and their responses to biofuel production in Tanzania. There is global concern in alternative source of energy as the consumption of fossils fuels increases with the decline of fuel reserves during the last two centuries and especially during the last two decades. It has been assumed that the marginal soils that have failed to support other food crop will support Jatropha farming and therefore improve community income and wellbeing. The in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions were employed to find out the reality and people`s perception on the biofuel production. Documentary search complimented the primary data in relation to global context. It was observed that in Kisarawe people were in need of income and alternative source of income though they were sceptical on its advantages. Singida showed it clear that biofuel production has no benefit to their community. Land dispossession with very limited or compensation is dominant with unfulfilled promises. It is concluded that the process of the project introduction was not participatory people were considered as recipient and therefore a lot of conflict have emerged and will continue to rise. There is need to adopt the bottom up cum top down approach with clear analysis of viability of the development project for sustainable development.
Concentrations of Heavy Metals (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) in the Selected Edible Fish Species along the Coast of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
(2008) Fundisha, Evarist
The concentrations of heavy metals in edible fish species were determined to assess their health hazards to fish consumers. Mean concentrations of Zinc (gg-1 dry wt) in liver, kidney, gills and muscles were 121.78, 72.87, 61.66 and 10.30 and 14.13, 8.36, 3.40 and 1.98 for Copper respectively. Cadmium and Lead were below the detection limit (0.01 ㎍ g-1) in muscles but for liver, kidney and gills, the mean values were 0.14, 0.10 and 0.01 gg-1 for Cadmium and 0.03, 0.04 and 0.06 gg-1 for Lead respectively. This indicates that the concentrations of metals in the fish were within permissible levels.
Constructivism: Its Implication in Language Teaching and Second Language Acquisition
(Papers in Education and Development, 2016-12) John, Philpo
This article presents the term constructivism as both theory of learning and philosophical concept. In this regard, principles and assumptions of the theory of constructivism as propounded by its proponents, viz.: Immanuel Kant, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky have been revisited to establish its link with language teaching and second language acquisition. To bring implication onto light, this article selected five key theoretical [case] studies underpinning the connection between constructivism and language teaching and second language acquisition. As a result, it is found that language teaching and learning/acquisition are both activities that involve interaction between the teacher and the learner. However, to create knowledge, the teacher is required to facilitate and guide learners to discover. In constructivism theory of learning, while learning is not only individual but active, knowledge creation is socially constructed. In this way, language learner must be enabled to independently learn and socially interact with others to acquire linguistic knowledge that a learner will eventually use to interact with others in the real world. These practices are informed by constructivism as it deals with the nature of knowledge and the way knowledge is created. The article, therefore, concludes that in language teaching and learning, both nature and nurture should be supported by creating an enabling environment in which linguistic knowledge is constructed.
The contribution of effective electronic record management to fight corruption: Evidence from selected public service offices in Tanzania.
(Standing Conference of Eastern, Central and Southern African Library and Information Associations- 2018, 2018) Manyerere, David; Manyerere, Juliana
It is undeniable fact that corruption practices in both public and private domains hinder the full realization of development of people in various aspects, in social, economic and political fronts. This paper attempts to show the contribution of effective electronic-record management systems to fight corruption in Tanzania particularly in hospitals, the judiciary and police force in order to ensure effective and efficient delivery of services. The paper is based on an extensive desk review of secondary data from relevant sources. The results show that there is a significant difference between the use of e-record management and its non-use in terms of addressing corruption practices done by public officials in the studied sectors. Special attribution is derived from the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) devices like Electronic Fiscal Devices (EFDs) machine, mobile telephones, Electronic Health Records (EHRs) systems and the like. This paper concludes that, in order to fight corruption, there is a need to establish and promote the use of electronic record management systems not only in hospitals, judiciary, police force, but also in all sectors of the economy within both public and private domains. This is essential to facilitate effective delivery of services to the citizens hence, address corruption practices. The study recommends further, that the government should take a leading role in terms of putting initiatives to ensure e-payment record management systems is adopted and used by all individuals as well as both public and private institutions throughout the country to promote sustainable socio-economic development.
A curse or a blessing? Population pressure and soil quality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from rural Uganda
(Elsevier, 2020) Mugizi, Francisco M.P.; Matsumoto, Tomoya
Decentralisation of Health Systems and the Fate of Community Health Fund in Tanzania: Critical Review of High and Low Performing Districts
(2017) Mpambije, Chakupewa Joseph
The deterioration of health services provision in Tanzania from 1980s to 1990s made decentralization of health service provision through the Health Sector Reform (HSR) a necessity. HSR aimed at bringing better utilization of scarce resources,improved quality of health services, increasing user access and cutting rising costs. It is through HSR that health insurance schemes were introduced. Community Health Fund (CHF) came as a result of such efforts. The efficiency and effectiveness of CHF rests on district councils which are responsible for ensuring better performance of CHF. Although the Government of Tanzania targeted 85% ofthe population to be members of CHF, enrollment has remained as low as 9.2% by 2014. The most sticking problem is the variation in enrollment in different districts. There are districts with higher performance in CHF enrollment like Iramba (54%) and Bariadi(40.9%). Whereas, there are districts with very low enrollments in CHF like Liwale (8%), and Rungwe (6.5%). This paper is an effort to shed some light on this phenomenon of performance variation of CHF enrolment in districts. It argues that poor performing districts are constrained by their own weaknesses such as poor management and leadership capacities of Council Health Management Team (CHMT) and lack of motivation among health facility staff and allied health workers. Also, poor sensitization and mobilization of people to join CHF, as well as poor quality healthcare to people has deterred performance of CHF in some districts. The papers’ conclusion apart from offering recommendation also adds to the broader ongoing debate of decentralization process mainly through health insurance.
Decentralization of Health Service Provision in Tanzania: Are Local Government Authorities Improving Anyway? Evidence from Local Government Authorities Audit Reports
(Research Publish Journals, 2016-09) Mpambije, Chakupewa Joseph
The economic woes and crisis of the 1980s and 1990s made several countries turn to decentralization of health services as a panacea to the worsening health service provision. Like many other countries, Tanzania introduced decentralization system in health service provision. Through HSR, Local Government Authorities (LGAs) are empowered to run health service delivery while central government acts as an overseer by injecting financial resources to the LGAs. With slight improvements that have been recorded among the LGAs since the implementation of HSR, there is a staggering difference among LGAs between what was thought to be achieved in health service delivery and what is actually seen on the ground. Because the failure of LGAs to equitably deliver health service has been widely researched, this article focuses on the efficacy of the LGAs to make use of financial resources. Drawing data from LGAs Audit Reports for 2007/08-2013/14, the paper analyses the LGAs use of financial resource availed to them for health service delivery. The focus is on health development project/project of Community health Fund (CHF) and Primary Health Services Development Programme (PHSDP). The paper finds that the financial resources meant for health service provision is either put to use or no. Arguably, this is due to lack of political will, poor community participation, and mismanagement of public financial resources and endemic culture of corruption among LGAs.
The Determinants of Interest Rate Spreads in Developing Countries: Evidence on Tanzania, 1991-2009
(2011) Mugizi, Francisco M.P.; Aikaeli, Jehovaness; Ndanshau, Michael O.A.
The now market based financial system in Tanzania is characterized by relatively high interest rate spreads. This paper sought to establish relative importance of macroeconomic and regulatory factors in explaining persistence of interest rate spread in Tanzania during the period 1991:I - 2009:IV. A Cointegration and Error Correction Model (ECM) was used to fit the data for Tanzania. The results revealed the interest rate spreads in Tanzania were strongly influenced by net government borrowing from commercial banks, development of the banking sector, statutory minimum reserve requirement and the discount rate. Among others, the results suggest the importance of low discount rate and reduced or total dispense with reserve requirement as a monetary policy strategy to reduce interest rate spreads in Tanzania. Importance of price stability in financial deepening is also underscored by the results.

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