Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

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    Concentrations of Heavy Metals (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) in the Selected Edible Fish Species along the Coast of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
    (2008) Fundisha, Evarist
    The concentrations of heavy metals in edible fish species were determined to assess their health hazards to fish consumers. Mean concentrations of Zinc (gg-1 dry wt) in liver, kidney, gills and muscles were 121.78, 72.87, 61.66 and 10.30 and 14.13, 8.36, 3.40 and 1.98 for Copper respectively. Cadmium and Lead were below the detection limit (0.01 ㎍ g-1) in muscles but for liver, kidney and gills, the mean values were 0.14, 0.10 and 0.01 gg-1 for Cadmium and 0.03, 0.04 and 0.06 gg-1 for Lead respectively. This indicates that the concentrations of metals in the fish were within permissible levels.
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    Analysis of Transaction Costs in Coffee Cooperatives: A Case of Arumeru District of Tanzania
    (2009) Mbise, Mirau
    This study assesses the capacity of co-operatives in reducing the transaction costs in Arumeru district, Arusha region. The main objective was to compare transaction costs between users and non users of co-operatives. Descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test were used to analyse the data. When the transaction costs from all aspects were added up and the means compared by using t-statistic, the result showed that transaction costs incurred by members and non-members of co-operatives don’t differ significantly. The study recommends the monitoring and evaluation of policies formulated to insure good performance of coffee production and marketing.
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    Building Community Resilience to Earthquake Disaster Risk Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case of Southwestern Tanzania
    (Tanzania UNESCO National Committee, 2009) Hambat, Hebert; Haulle, Evaristo; Rugumamu, William
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    The Determinants of Interest Rate Spreads in Developing Countries: Evidence on Tanzania, 1991-2009
    (2011) Mugizi, Francisco M.P.; Aikaeli, Jehovaness; Ndanshau, Michael O.A.
    The now market based financial system in Tanzania is characterized by relatively high interest rate spreads. This paper sought to establish relative importance of macroeconomic and regulatory factors in explaining persistence of interest rate spread in Tanzania during the period 1991:I - 2009:IV. A Cointegration and Error Correction Model (ECM) was used to fit the data for Tanzania. The results revealed the interest rate spreads in Tanzania were strongly influenced by net government borrowing from commercial banks, development of the banking sector, statutory minimum reserve requirement and the discount rate. Among others, the results suggest the importance of low discount rate and reduced or total dispense with reserve requirement as a monetary policy strategy to reduce interest rate spreads in Tanzania. Importance of price stability in financial deepening is also underscored by the results.
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    Evaluating Earthquake Disaster Risk Management in Schools in Rungwe Volcanic Province in Tanzania
    (AOSIS Publishing, 2012-05-20) Haulle, Evaristo
    This article establishes existing knowledge on earthquakes and coping mechanisms employed in reducing the severity of adverse impacts caused by an earthquake disaster in a specific locality. The purpose of the study was to recommend useful measures for disaster risk management. It also more particularly aimed at assessing mechanisms employed in reducing the disaster risk and integrating knowledge of disasters and hazards in primary and secondary school curricula. The study was carried out in Rungwe Volcanic Province in Rungwe District, Tanzania, and included recording people’s attitudes towards earthquake disaster and locations of schools. It employed focus group discussions, public hearings and interviews in order to capture the actual situation relating to risk and vulnerability assessments by the community. The study revealed high levels of risk and vulnerability to the impact of earthquakes on the part of the community, who accepted earthquakes as a normal phenomenon and therefore did not employ special measures to reduce the impact. The study showed that the community’s coping mechanisms and the extent to which disaster management knowledge has been integrated in school curricula are inadequate in addressing earthquake disasters. It is thus recommended that traditional and modern technologies be integrated in curricula and later in sustainable practices; such technologies include the belief in ‘Nyifwila’, traditional housing style and wooden housing, and non-structural planning for disaster risk management.
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    Embracing Natural Gas Discovery and Extraction as a Blessing for Equitable and Sustainable Benefits to Tanzania
    (IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2014) Poncian, Japhace
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    The Gender-Energy Nexus in Tanzania: Assessing Rural Electrification in the Context of Gender Mainstreaming among Women
    (Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA), 2015) Kigodi, Henry Michael; Poncian, Japhace
    This chapter presents empirical evidence from the study conducted in two rural districts of Tanzania. The aim was to assess government rural energy strategy undertaken by Rural Energy Agency (REA) to electrify rural Tanzania in the context of gender mainstreaming in energy projects as well as its viability in resolving gender energy challenges that rural women face. A total of 22 semi-structured interviews were conducted with rural women and TANESCO officials in Kilolo and Shinyanga rural districts over a period of two weeks. Our findings indicate that although government takes gender issues seriously, more remains to be done as most of our informants had little knowledge on what rural electrification is; an indication that gender may just have been mainstreamed in energy policy, plans and strategies on paper by a mention of the word gender and gender mainstreaming. Again, the study found out that patriarchal practices that marginalize rural women are still entrenched in rural Tanzania to the extent that rural electrification may only end lighting rural Tanzania instead of altering complex and multiple energy challenges women face. High costs of energy and limited energy choices were also mentioned as main issues that challenge rural electrification. From the findings, it is recommended that the government ought to go down to rural women to learn of their expectations and challenges; build awareness to rural women over the use of different energy sources; diversify energy sources; and implement energy policies, plans and strategies effectively to resolve gender energy challenges.
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    Christian-Muslim Relations in Tanzania: A Threat to Future Stability and Peace?
    (Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 2015) Poncian, Japhace
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    The Persistence of Western Negative Perceptions about Africa: Factoring in the Role of Africans
    (Journal of African Studies and Development, 2015) Poncian, Japhace; Poncian, Japhace
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    Natural Resource Conflicts as a Struggle for Space: The Case of Mining in Tanzania
    (International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 2015) Poncian, Japhace; Kigodi, Henry Michael
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    The Fallacy of Limited Financial Resources for Development in Tanzania: Evidence from Local Government Authorities Audit Reports
    (2015) Poncian, Japhace; Mpambije, Chakupewa Joseph
    Often times people are told by government officials that there are limited financial resources to finance different development projects/programmes and to provide assistance for self help. This view is also held by the academic world. This is usually taken as an absolute truth and usually as an excuse for the limited socioeconomic development of the citizens and societies. While this may be true, we propose a problematisation of this by gathering and making sense of evidence from the annual audit reports for the Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania. The central aim of the proposed paper therefore is to show the fallacy of “the limited resources” by arguing that it is not a matter of limited resources but whether and how the available resources are put to intended use for development and poverty reduction goals. The relevance of this is to shift focus on development resources available to whether and how the extent to which the resources are put to use and toestablish whether LGAs are keeping people into poverty by using or not using the available resources.
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    The Fallacy of Limited Financial Resources for Development in Tanzania: Evidence from Local Government Authorities Audit Reports
    (Public Policy and Administration Research, 2015) Poncian, Japhace; Mpambije, Chakupewa Joseph
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    Explaining Election Violence in Tanzania: The Interplay Between the Union Politics and Electoral Administration and Management
    (Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA), 2015) Poncian, Japhace
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    Fertility Myth of Oldoinyo Lengai and Its Impacts to the Maasai Community of Northern Tanzania
    (2015) Haulle, Evaristo; Njewele, Delphine
    The paper aims to explore the myth of fertility associated with Oldoinyo Lengai and its impacts to the Maasai community in the Gregorian rift valley system in northern Tanzania. It assumes that in African spirituality, myths are used to guide knowledge, values and practices in the community and Mother Nature. Fertility is among the major transformation event in human life circles that can be reflected through community myth. Through in-depth interviews and observation techniques primary data relating to culture, customs and traditions were obtained. Documentary search was employed to supplement field data. The study found out that the Maasai community depended on the Oldoinyo Lengai (Mountain of God) for the fertility of human and animals. The fertility myth among the Maasai pressurized them to prefer many children. The myth also encouraged the dominance of promiscuousness; and the deterioration of health due to bearing many children with limited maternal health care and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Thus the myth of Oldoinyo Lengai in relation to fertility has caused incredible adverse impact to the Maasai community, particularly in Tanzania. The study recommends that health education and services be extended to villages in the vicinity of Oldoinyo Lengai with service providers who are well-trained to integrate the nature of the myth and its side effects to the community in relation to the changing socio-economic landscape. Moreover, it is imperative to empower the community members economically and socially so that they can decide their fate and exercise their consent.
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    Africa’s Leadership Challenges in the 21st Century: What Can Leaders Learn from Africa’s Pre-Colonial Leadership and Governance?
    (RedFame, 2015-04-09) Poncian, Japhace; Mgaya, Edward
    Africa continues to face serious development challenges despite recent record growth rates. Such challenges as dependency, corruption, underdeveloped infrastructure and production sectors, and leadership and governance are some of the impediments to Africa’s quest for sustainable and equitable development. Explaining such development challenges has continued to elude scholars. To the radical leftist scholars, Africa’s underdevelopment can adequately be explained by its forceful and uneven integration into the global economic system. However, with over fifty years of independence, the debate is increasingly focusing on Africa’s leadership as good explanation for its poverty and underdevelopment. This paper argues that the current poverty and underdevelopment of Africa have much to do with enabling conditions created by African leaders and proposes that addressing this requires Africans to go back to pre-colonial history where they can tap good lessons rather than continuing importing Western based models which may not necessarily fit into Africa’s unique characteristics.
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    Ethical Issues and Politics in Research for Sustainable Resource Management in Tanzania
    (David Publishing, 2015-05-16) Haulle, Evaristo
    Research ethics is key for resource management in any community. Through in-depth interview, observation and documentary search it was noted that most of the studies lack integrity. People are hired to produce report without clear and streamlined methodology. Nature of the community and the way it is organised poses challenge in acquiring information. People expression is an important aspect in getting liable findings. The conflicts over resources in Namawala and Magaiduru villages led to loss of trust and rejection of researchers as they are discovered to falsify the community. Some findings were fabricated to convince the donors’ interests to call for more funds. Other decision makers would commission researcher to produce false data to suit their interests. This causes academic and researchers be classified as a tool of politician to pacify the public in order to maintain the status quo. The problem is caused by lack of sufficient research fund and understanding on the research essence, and importance of ethical consideration for good research. The situation causes multiple sided effects in the community. Generally, lack of research ethics and presence of greed politicians jeopardise resource management, peace and security. There is need to build the culture of truth and integrity for community development. Research methods need to be taught rigorously in order to build capacity in tools and principles.