Department of Geography

Permanent URI for this collection

https://repository.udsm.ac.tz/handle/123456789/50

Browse

Browsing Department of Geography by Issue Date

Filter results by year or month
Now showing 1 - 20 of 116
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Agricultural Development in Tanzania 1961-82: Performance and Major Constraints.
    (1985) Ndulu, B. J.; Msambichaka, Lucian A.
    The new policy has not been a success. The share of agriculture in GDP fell from about 60% at the beginning of the 1960s to 36% 20 years later. The food self-sufficiency target has not been reached. However, as the population outgrows food production, resort has been made to food imports. Finally, the production of export crops has been very mixed, with negative trends for some of the most important crops. The agricultural sector continues to provide most of the employment in the country largely due to the failure of the non-agricultural sectors to develop sufficiently rapidly.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Origin and Geomorphology of the Wetlands of Tanzania
    (1993) Mwanukuzi, Phillip K.
    Wetlands are dynamic landforms which vary in both time and space. Tanzania's wetlands are classified according to the physiography and the environment in which they exist. Coastal wetlands, Rift System wetlands and the wetlands of highland drainage basins are the major groups. Coastal wetlands are formed by wave action and tidal influence; beaches and lagoons exist because of wave action; mudflats, marshes, mangrove swamps, estuaries and deltas are tidal in origin. Rift System wetlands occur in the rift depressions and are characterised by salt lakes, playas, swamps and short streams with inland drainage. The highlands are drained by long rivers originating in the inland catchments and ending in oceans or lake basins. On the way to their outlets, they form lakes, swamps and floodplains. Wetlands occur due to a combination of high rainfall and the tropical climate of Tanzania which favours processes such as meandering of rivers and the formation of floodplains. The morphogenesis of Tanzania's wetlands is related not only to local processes but also to regional factors such as climate, tectonism and the eustatic sea level changes which occurred in the past.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Impact of Charcoal Extraction to the Forest Resources of Tanzania: The Case of Kitulangalo Area, Tanzania
    (2000) Malimbwi, R. E.; Misana, Salome B.; Monela, G. C.; Jambiya, George C.; Zahabu, Eliakimu
    Research is being undertaken to expand the knowledge about the biomass potential for supplying charcoal to urban centres and find workable policy tools that will enable sustainable production and use of charcoal in the medium term perspective. The project, CHAPOSA (Charcoal Potential in Southern Africa) focuses on the dynamics of charcoal production in supply areas (mainly woodlands) and its consumption in three major cities: Lusaka, Zambia, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Maputo, Mozambique. The three year research project is funded by European Union (EU) and co-ordinated by Stockhom Environmental Institute (SEI). In each of the three partner countries, socio-economic and ecological aspects of charcoal are being studied in the supply areas and charcoal consumption and market forces studies are being undertaken in the cities. Preliminary results on the supply side are presented for Tanzania in this paper. At Kitulangalo one of the charcoal supplying areas in Tanzania, an average charcoal making household produce 43 bags of charcoal per month, charcoal is sold at kiln site at Tshs. 1,000/= per bag. The household realizes an income of Tshs. 43,000/= per month. This income is above the minimum salary rates paid currently to government workers and hence attracts more people to join the business.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Land Use Change Analysis as an Approach for Investigating Biodiversity Loss and Land Degradation: A Targeted Research Project Proposal to UNEP-GEF. Olson LUCID WP 13
    (2000-02) Olson, Jennifer M.; Bart, Francois; Campbell, David J.; Gichohi, Helen; Maitima, Joseph; Mbonile, Milline; Misana, Salome B.; Mugisha, Sam; Tukahirwa, Joy; Reid, Robin
    The "Land Use Change Analysis as an Approach for Investigating Biodiversity Loss and Land Degradation" is a medium sized targeted research project funded by United Nations Environment Programme-Global Environment Facility (UNEP-GEF) and other donors. The project provides an umbrella for coordinated research activities occurring in sites across East Africa, and at the East Africa regional level. The project’s goal is to contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and prevention of land degradation by providing useful instruments, or methodological guides, to identify and monitor changes in the landscape associated with biodiversity loss and land degradation, and to identify the root causes of those changes. The main approach has been to examine the linkages between the processes of change in biodiversity, land degradation and land use in East Africa in order to derive information and experience upon which to base the design of the guides for detecting such trends. Various ecological, socioeconomic and land use change theories and conceptual frameworks have informed the research and the guides.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Diagnosis of Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Dry and Wet Spells Due to Land-Atmosphere Water Exchange in the Tropical Savanna of East Africa
    (2002) Mwanukuzi, Phillip K.
    Dry and wet spells result from disruption of seasonal climatic patterns and are small-scale moisture anomalies. Fluxes of moisture and thermal radiation regulate precipitation and seasonal average temperatures. These short lived and small-scale moisture anomalies, their patterns and influences are not well understood. These anomalies result in crop failures in East Africa. In the savanna environment, where water is limited, these small-scale moisture patterns need to be investigated as they regulate natural biophysical and agricultural productivity. To mitigate the impact of these dry and wet spells, the pattern of moisture availability needs to be understood. This research develops an index for examining surface moisture variation. It develops a tool for discovering short-lived anomalous moisture condition patterns. By investigating the neighborhood interrelationships between the NDVI and surface temperature using the spatial continuity measure, the Surface Moisture Evapotranspiration---(SMET) index is developed. This index is related to surface moisture availability and absence, surface moisture removal through evapotranspiration, and the ground sensible and latent thermal fluxes. The SMET index can diagnose surface moisture for both bare and fully vegetated lands. Periods of severe moisture deficits and the typical moisture conditions in East African regions are identified by this index. The patterns of dry and wet spells in the humid and the savanna environments are revealed. Clouds are identified by this index. Moisture is investigated at local and regional scales without interpolation. Moisture variation on regional scales could be investigated on a daily bases using the SMET index. The index can be used for climatic impact and change studies. It will facilitate decision-making as an early warning tool for crop production. The index has utility also in terrestrial environmental changes and soil quality monitoring.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Land Use Change Patterns and Root Causes on the Southern Slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
    (Academic Journals, 2003) Misana, Salome B.; Sokoni, Cosmas; Mbonile, Milline J.
    This paper presents the findings of a study that analyzed land use and cover change, their driving forces and the socio-economic implications on the southern and eastern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. This study is based on data extracted from remote sensing techniques using 1973, 1984 and 1999/2000 satellite images and household interviews. The major change detected in the study area from satellite images was expansion of cultivation at the expense of natural vegetation. The area under cultivation increased from 54% in 1973 to 62 and 63% in 1984 and 2000, respectively. Expansion and intensification of cultivation were noted particularly in the lowlands while some forest areas in the highlands had become degraded. These changes led to changes in cropping patterns and crop diversification, declined productivity of land and food insecurity. The underlying drivers of these changes were demographic, government policies, economic factors, socio-cultural factors including the land tenure system, institutional factors, technological change and infrastructure development. Investments in irrigation technology, introduction of new crop varieties and government interventions to support the poor are required to improve the productivity of land and reduce the vulnerability of the people to environmental perturbations, including drought.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Dynamics of Land Use Changes and Their Impacts on the Wildlife Corridor between Mt. Kilimanjaro and Amboseli National Park, Tanzania
    (2003) Noe, Christine
    This paper examines the dynamics of land use changes in Kitendeni wildlife corridor and their impacts on biodiversity. Data on land use/cover changes were obtained through interpretation of aerial photographs for 1952 and 1982 and satellite imagery for 2000. The field survey was conducted on the Tanzanian side of the corridor in Lerangw'a, Kitendeni, Irkaswa and Kamwanga villages, which border the corridor. The survey involved observations, interviews and discussions with indigenous people, previous researchers ...
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Use of Sustainable Irrigation for Poverty Alleviation in Tanzania: The Case of Small Holder Irrigation Schemes in Igurusi, Mbarali District
    (Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd, 2004) Mwakalila, S.; Noe, Christine
    The case of smallholder irrigation schemes in Igurusi, Mbarali District Irrigation has been found to be a central key part in curbing food scarcity not only in Tanzania but also in many other developing countries. The continued dependence on rainfall in agriculture has proved incapable of sustaining the population increase. This study examines the sustainability of smallholder irrigated agriculture as a means of improving social and economic benefits in the Mbarali district, located in Usangu plains of South-West Tanzania. Specifically the study focuses on: The existing national policies and their roles in irrigation development; Characteristics of the existing irrigation systems and their roles towards poverty alleviation; Productivity of irrigation schemes and profit margins for poverty alleviation; Rural livelihoods strategies towards poverty alleviation;and arrangements of local institutions towards sustainable irrigation. The study is confined to smallholder irrigation schemes in the Igurusi ward. The selected villages for the in-depth study were Majenje, Igurusi, Chamoto, Uhambule and Mahango.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Spatial Patterns and Root Causes of Land Use Change in East Africa: MAPS. Olson LUCID WP47 PART2
    (2004) Olson, Jennifer M.; Misana, Salome B.; Campbell, David J.; Mbonile, Milline; Mugisha, Sam
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Comparing the Kenyan and Tanzanian Slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro: Why are the Adjacent Land Uses So Distinct? Campbell LUCID WP 44
    (2004-06) Campbell, David J.; Misana, Salome B.; Olson, Jennifer M.
    One of the remarkable contemporary features of the landscape on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro is the sharp land use-land cover boundary that cuts across the gradient coinciding with the political boundary between Tanzania and Kenya. The general similarities in ecological conditions and potential land use on both the Kenyan and Tanzanian sides of the boundary raise the question as to why the contrast in land use-cover is so marked? This paper seeks to address this question. It adopts an approach that explores the recent history of land use, dynamics and distribution of wildlife, herding and farming, and the interactions among and within them, in a nested system in which local processes are examined in their wider national and international context. Both ecological and socio-economic conditions and processes define this context. Ecological characteristics include topography, rainfall, hydrology, vegetation, and fauna. There are differences between north and south sides of the mountain such as the presence of rain shadow on the northwest side, and more swamps northern side. The socio-economic context reflects the patterns of land use (farming, herding, and wildlife), interactions and exchanges between them within the study area and particularly their relationships with broader regional, national, and international processes such as trade and migration, and economic, social and environmental policies.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Spatial Patterns and Root Causes of Land Use Change in East Africa. Olson LUCID WP47 PART1
    (2004-06) Olson, Jennifer M.; Misana, Salome B.; Campbell, David J.; Mbonile, Milline; Mugisha, Sam
    The overriding finding of the LUCID land use changes analyses is how rapidly farming and agro-pastoral systems have changed. Small-scale farmers and pastoralists have changed their entire system several times since the 1950’s. New land uses have been developed, and existing land uses have been transformed. In sum, the most significant land use changes have been: 1) an expansion of cropping into grazing areas, particularly in the semi-arid to sub-humid areas, 2) an expansion of rainfed and irrigated agriculture in wetlands or along streams especially in semi-arid areas, 3) a reduction in size of many woodlands and forests on land that is not protected, 4) an intensification of land use in areas already under crops in the more humid areas, and 5) the maintenance of natural vegetation in most protected areas. These changes have allowed many more people to live on the land as farmers and agro-pastoralists, and the systems have shown flexibility and adaptability in face of changing international and national economic and political structures. Diversification, towards a mixture of crops and livestock, cash and food crops, and farm and non-farm income, has been a critical means for households to reduce their risk in face of these changes. Amid the complexity of socio-economic and environmental driving forces of the land use changes across space and time, six factors appear to explain a large part of the dynamics of land use change in East Africa: 1. Government policy, laws and regulations 2. Economic factors 3. Population growth and migration 4. Changes in land tenure arrangements 5. Access to markets 6. Environmental conditions. Despite the rapid evolution of systems responding to these forces, rural poverty is common and key environmental resources are becoming increasingly scarce, contested and/ or degraded. The LUCID team found that poverty, poor land management and land degradation are much more common and persistent in marginal environments, especially, the remote, semi-arid zones.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    A Research Framework to Identify the Root Causes of Land Use Change Leading to Land Degradation and Changing Biodiversity: Olson LUCID WP48
    (2004-10) Olson, Jennifer M.; Misana, Salome B.; Campbell, David J.; Mbonile, Milline; Mugisha, Sam
    Scientists, governments and NGOs have a critical need to understand the reasons behind land degradation, desertification and loss of biodiversity. Development of this understanding needs to be put on a firmer empirical and analytical footing. Current data deficiencies are due to limited biophysical and socio-economic databases that often are temporally and spatially limited. The socio-economic dimensions in particular are also often too simplistically analysed, without capturing the causal processes behind changing land management and land use practices. This approach to understanding the causes and extent of land degradation and loss of biodiversity would be greatly enhanced by the use of land use or land cover change analysis, coupled with ground assessments of human activities and biophysical measurements. Obtaining this knowledge is greatly enhanced with use of an analytical framework to guide the collection, analysis and interpretation of the root causes data and information. A framework is particularly useful for land use change research due to the complexity of the problem. This paper provides a guide and a framework for designing such research; technical methodological guides are available in other LUCID working papers and elsewhere.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Charcoal Potential of Miombo Woodlands at Kitulangalo, Tanzania
    (2005) Malimbwi, R. E.; Zahabu, Eliakimu; Monela, G. C.; Misana, Salome B.; Jambiya, George C.; Mchome, B.
    A study was carried out to determine the charcoal potential of the miombo woodlands of Kitulangalo area, near Morogoro, Tanzania. Systematic sampling design used in an inventory in 1996 was repeated in 1999 in order to determine the general current stand parameters and forest change. A total of 46 sample plots were laid out in the forest reserve. In adjacent public lands stratified random sampling was applied where a total of 30 plots were laid out. The layout was meant to study how species richness and wood stocking vary in public lands and forest reserve. Preferred tree species for charcoal making had standing wood volume of 24.5 m3ha-1 and 56.5 m3ha -1 in public lands and reserved forest respectively with corresponding basal area of 3.7 m2ha-1 and 7.2 m 2ha-1. Stem numbers were 909 stems ha-1 in public lands and 354 stems ha-1 in the reserved forest. These values indicated more regeneration in public lands following disturbance than in the forest reserve. The weight of charcoal that can be extracted from the woodland at the roadside was 56 kg, equivalent to only one bag of charcoal per hectare. Similarly 54 bags may be extracted at 5 km distance while 125 bags may be extracted from beyond 10 km from the highway. With the established stand growth rate of 2.3 m3 ha-1 year-1 for the regrowth of miombo woodland at Kitulangalo, it will take about 8 to 15 years for the degraded woodlands to recover for charcoal production. Therefore, for sustainable charcoal production in this area, felling cycles of 8 to 15 years are recommended, provided the minimum tree size of > 10 cm dbh (diameter at breast height) for charcoal making is observed.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    African Migration Workshop: Understanding Migration Dynamics in the Continent Title: Rethinking the African Refugees’ Movements and Caring Practices in the Post Structural Adjustment Program Era
    (2007) Kweka, Opportuna L.
    For the past four decades refugee movements have dominated the international migration arena in Africa. However, theorizing migration has mainly concentrated on international labor migration. The new transnational migration theory for example, assumes porous borders and assumes that all migrants are capable of accessing resources in the places to which they migrate. I argue, on the contrary, that in the era of structural adjustment programs in Africa, migrants such as refugees are associated with immobility instead of transnational movements. As a result of restriction on their mobility, these migrants have adopted different forms of survival strategies such as repatriation, returnees, and recyclers. Through a historical account and a case study of Burundian refugees in camps in western Tanzania, I provide narratives of the refugees both on the causes of their movements, and also on the changes and challenges in their participation in different forms of survival strategies. I argue that the dynamics in the causes of movements of the refugees in camps and the new patterns of movement challenge our understanding of the category “refugee” in Africa and call for new ways of theorizing and studying about as well as caring for the refugees. The paper provides both theoretical and methodological contributions to studies on refugees in Africa.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Population, Environment and Development in Kinondoni District, Tanzania
    (2007) Mbonile, Milline J.; Kivelia, J.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Population, Land Use and Environment: Research directions
    (Taylor & Francis, 2007-02) Kweka, Opportuna L.