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Item Plant Species Composition and Diversity in Dalbergia melanoxylon Dominated Zones in Mitarure Forest Reserve in Kilwa District(Huria Journal of Tanzania, 2023-02-09) Washa, B. WashaThe study was designed to assess the plant species composition and diversity in the Dalbergia melanoxylon dominated zone in Mitarure Forest Reserve and the nearby community forests particularly Ngea and Nambawala in Kilwa District, Tanzania. Thirty (30) circular concentric plots were established in the forest reserve and fifteen (15) plots in each of the two-community forest and used to collect vegetation data. The plant species diversity was determined using Shannon-Wiener diversity index, evenness, richness and Simpson and their indices were compared using ANOVA. Plant species diversity and evenness assessed in Mitarure Forest Reserve did not differ significantly from those from community forests. However, the plant species diversity based on Simpson index and richness were significantly higher in the Mitarure Forest Reserve compared to those in community forests. A total of 56 plant species were recorded in Mitarure forest reserve, 39 plant species in Ngea forest and 36 plant species in Nambawala forest. Mitarure forest reserve and the nearby community forests have high plant species diversity with a good stand characteristic of a typical natural forest. However, with an intensive human disturbance, the tree species composition decreases that needs an intervention through local community involvement. This strategy may contribute in the future survival of species and the natural forests in Kilwa District. Data from this study stand as baseline information for the future monitoring of the performance of stands in the natural forest ecosystem in the Dalbergia melanoxylon dominated zones in Kilwa District.Item Investigation on the effective substrate for high yields of Pleurotus ostreatus: A case study of Kinyerezi Tanzania(Huria Journal of Tanzania, 2023-02-09) Washa, B. WashaInvestigation on what substrate combination is more effective in producing high yields of Pleurotus ostreatus in local greenhouses was conducted at Kinyerezi (6°50'27.2"S, 39°10'26.5"E) in Dar es Salaam in 2020 aiming on producing a substrate protocol which will maximize yielding of mushrooms in local greenhouses. Sugar, grain chaff and lime were added in specified ratios to the compost of sliced banana leaves and saw dust and followed by sterilization for 4 hours and cooling for 24 hours before being packaged in 1 kg bags for fungal inoculation. 450 plastic bags of compost were inoculated with mushroom spores and left for 28 days for colonization. The compost was sparingly watered to maintain the optimal humidity, temperature and pH for germination of mushrooms. Mushroom germination in 100 bags with additional sugar, 100 bags with additional grain chaff and 100 bags with additional lime were monitored for four months where germination percentage and germination number were monthly recorded and used for statistical analysis. Bags with additional sugar indicated a significant difference in the monthly germination percentage (P=0.002248, df = 2). Additional sugar descriptively increased germination number from 30 to 173 than other substrates which increased from 0.5 to 16.5. However, the increase was statistically not significant P=0.25246, df = 2. Mushroom growers are advised to use the compost formula as indicated in this investigation as a new knowledge contributed by the research. The use of added sugar as a substrate in the compost is mandatoryItem In vitro Evaluation of the Herbal Cream Formulation from Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f for Topical Application(Springer, 2023-02-08) Mlozi, Stephano Hanolo; Mmongoyo, Juma, A; Musa, Chacha, NItem GC-MS analysis of bioactive phytochemicals from methanolic leaf and root extracts of Tephrosia vogelii(Elsevier, 2022-07) Mlozi, Stephano Hanolo; Mmongoyo, Juma, A; Musa, Chacha, NThe objective of this study was to determine the phytochemical compounds present in methanolic root and leaf extracts of Tephrosia vogelii. The plant species is found in the genus Tephrosia and family Fabaceae. Phytochemical screening was conducted to determine the nature of secondary metabolites while Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, (GC-MS) was conducted to determine the specific phyto-compounds present in the methanolic root and leaf extracts. Phytochemicals were ascertained based on molecular weights (m/z) acquired from GC-MS chromatograms. Phytocompounds were established through interpretation of spectral peaks and comparing data with stored databases from the National Institute Standard and Technique (NIST) library. Phytochemical screening revealed terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins and saponins. GC-MS analysis furnished ten phytocompounds. These were; demethylmunduserone (1), sumatrol (2), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (3), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one (4), (4R,5R,8S,8aS)-5-isopropyl-8-methyl-3-methylene-decahydroazulene-4,5,8-triol (5), deguelin (6), hexadecanoic acid (7), munduserone (8), tephrosin (9), and 7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one (10). This study reports compounds 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8 for the first time from this species. Evidently, the reported pharmacological properties of these phytochemicals support the ethnomedical use of T. vogelii for the traditional health care exclusively in the treatment of diseases such as fungal and bacterial, inflammatory, and cancer diseases, as well as the management of pests and ecto-parasites. Phytochemical components identified in this study advocate the presence of ethnomedical and phytopharmaceutical versality of T. vogelii that could be used in the antimicrobial drug formulation studies.Item The In vivo toxicity evaluation of leaf and root methanolic extracts of Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f using animal model(Springer, 2020-11-10) Mlozi, Stephano Hanolo; Mmongoyo, Juma, A; Musa, Chacha, NItem The role of natural products from medicinal plants against COVID-19: traditional medicine practice in Tanzania(Elsevier, 2022-06-15) Mlozi, Stephano HanoloThe Role of Natural Products from Medicinal Plants against COVID-19: Traditional Medicine Practice in Tanzania Stephano Hanolo Mlozi University of Dar es Salaam, Mkwawa University College of Education, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 2513, Iringa, Tanzania Corresponding email: stephanom7@gmail.com ABSTRACT Background: Pandemic COVID-19 is a dangerous disease caused by a new coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). There is non-reliable drug or vaccine available to combat for SARS-CoV-2. More efforts to search for antiviral agents against COVID-19 are obligatory, whereas phytochemicals are potent solution. Thus, this study involved phytochemical screening and examining medicinal plants used to combat COVID-19 in Tanzania. Methods: The plant materials were collected from practitioners. The plant extracts were then subjected for qualitative phytochemical screening so as to identify the nature of secondary metabolites. Results: Eucalyptus species, pepper, berries, ginger, garlic, onions and lemon were identified as commonly plants used. The flavonoids, tannins, fatty acids, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins were identified through phytochemical screening. Identified natural phytocompounds revealed to be potential in exhibiting antiviral activities by disrupting the viral life cycle including viral entrance, replication, assembly, and discharge, as well as virus-specific host targets. Thus, this prompt increasing of pharmaceutical industry focused on phytochemical extracts from medicinal plants, and aromatic herbs in the hopes of discovering lead compounds, with purposeful to antiviral medications. Conclusion: The medicinal plants and phytocompounds revealed to have significant role due to their substantial antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. The noted natural products inspire collective efforts in determination and gathering funds to support scientific researchers to investigate more phytochemicals from medicinal plants for development of antiviral drug against COVID-19.Item Toxicity Assessment of the Crude Ethanolic Pod Extract of Swartzia madagascariensis Desv. in Rats(College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, 2022, 2022-06-15) Washa B., WashaThis study assessed toxicity of the crude ethanolic pod extracts of Swartzia madagascariensis Desv in Wistar rats. Forty (40) Wistar rats aged 8–10 weeks were orally administered with crude extracts from pods of S. madagascariensis. Chemical analysis of serum and histopathology of liver and kidney from test animals were performed to determine the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatinine in serum. In addition, serum albumin levels were also determined. The levels of ALT, AST and creatinine were found to be high in groups treated with crude extracts compared to the control group, suggesting some damage in liver cells and kidney of treated groups of Wistar rats. The albumin levels in serum samples of crude extract treated groups were found to be low compared to control group, suggesting some leakage to the urine due to damage in the kidney. Histopathological analyses revealed damages in the liver and kidney treated with 1000 mg/kg of crude ethanolic pod extracts of Swartzia madagascariensis (CEPES) at days 2 and 14, corresponding to what was observed in the biochemical variables. The findings revealed that Swartzia madagascariensis pods are toxic once taken in large quantities (1000 mg/kg).Item Ethnobotanical and nutrient survey of indigenous edible fruits, vegetables and mushrooms of Iringa District, Tanzania(Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., 2022-04-21) Washa Bugalama, WashaAbstract A study on ethnobotany and nutrients survey of indigenous vegetables, fruits and mushrooms was conducted in March 2020 in Iringa Rural District of Tanzania. The objectives was to collect ethnobotany information of the edibles, analyse the level of nutrients and use the obtained information to create awareness in the community on how to use these edibles to improve its economy and health of the citizens. Questioners were used to obtain ethnobotanical information. Opportunistic collection of the edibles was done in March during the rainy season. One hundred edibles were collected for analysis and 80 respondents were interviewed. Data analysis was accomplished using one way ANOVA in the SPSS software (Version 14). Indigenous names and medicinal use of the edibles were reported. Utility and awareness of the community to the edibles was observed to be higher although not statistically significant. Three vegetable species were observed to be more nutritive and statistically significant than others in terms of Fe2+ and ß-carotene while all mushrooms collected were observed to be rich in Fe2+ and PO3-4. Three fruit species, four vegetables species, and two mushrooms families were observed to be preferably eaten in the community. Vitex mombasae and Agaricaceae were the dominating population in the study area. However, the differences in the nutrient levels in the fruits and mushrooms were statistically not significant. Communities were gathered to receive feedback and create awareness on the importance and use of the edibles. The government is encouraged to be involved in the dissemination of this information to bolster the economy and improve the health of her people.Item Assessment of African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon) Population Structure in Kilwa District, Tanzania(Tanzania Journal of Science, 2021-10-30) Washa B., Washa; Nyomora, Agnes; Nnungu, Stephen IOverharvesting and limited conservation efforts have posed a serious threat to future availability of Dalbergia melanoxylon in Tanzania in recent years. The study was conducted between 2018 and 2020 covering Mitarure Forest Reserve (MFR) and 2 surrounding community forests of Ngea and Nambawala in Kilwa District. The purpose of the study was to assess the existing population status of the species in Tanzania. A total of 36 circular plots in Mitarure and 15 plots in each community forest were laid down. Data were recorded for the number of stems per plot, and then converted on per hectare basis where the basal area and densities per hectare were calculated. Data was disaggregated into 5 Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) generated distribution classes ranging from DBH 0 to more than 45 cm. The results revealed that, there was a contrast between the Mitarure Forest Reserve and community forests in terms of individual number of trees per unit area, basal area and densities. The numbers of stems per hectare for the species were found to be 16, 10 and 8 stems/ha in Mitarure, Ngea and Nambawala forest, respectively. Dalbergia melanoxylon in Mitarure forest was normally distributed. The respective basal area was over 80 m2 per ha in Nambawala against over 60 in MFR and Ngea. The results suggest success of the communities in conserving the species after previous overharvest. Authorities should frequently visit forests to increase the population of the species and reduce unauthorised harvesting.Item A Review of the African Blackwood Dalbergia melanoxylon, Guill. and Perr(Book Publisher International, 2021-06-01) Washa B., WashaThe African Blackwood Conservation Project (ABCP) in Tanzania conducted a review of the literature on D. melanoxylon (African Blackwood) or Mpingo in the late 1990s (over twenty (20) years ago). Additionary, It is nineteen (19) years since the last population study and population density was conducted and seventeen (17) years since last inventory study was taken. Today studies on propagation, tissue culture, population and harvesting activities of the species have brought new information to be noted. Recent research on this species' propagation methods has piqued the interest of researchers, who are now looking forward to how they can save the species from becoming threatened or extinct, which can be caused by its low regenerative ability in natural environments. It was now a proper time to add new information to the literature of D. melanoxylon from various recent findings covering about thirteen (13) years from the last review of the literature of the species from 2000-2014 and now is (20) years ago from 2000. This literature review was written to provide useful information for researchers looking into advanced propagation strategies for this species, such as tissue culture and mycorrhiza association, as well as recent studies on the species. This review has also exposed the threats of the species, recent population status of the species in Tanzania, recently recommended research to be taken in consideration, ethnobotanical and ecological literatures as previous and early findings were not able to take botanists to the advanced propagation techniques which have been reported recently and finally Biology and silviculture of Dalbergia melanoxylon.Item Antimicrobial activities of Tephrosia vogelii against selected pathogenic fungi and bacteria strains(2019-12-19) Mlozi, Stephano H.; Mmongoyo, Juma A.; Chacha, MusaCandida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans are dangerous pathogens causing fungal dis eases. C. albicans and C. neoformans developed resistance to fungicides such as fluconazole. Similarly, pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi have become resistant to antibiotcs such as methicillin. Thus, searching for alternative antimicrobial agents is inevitable. Tephrosia vogelii used traditionally for manage ment of fungal and bacterial diseases is potential source of antimicrobial agents. It is in this vein that, antimicrobial activities of leaf and root extracts of T. vogelii were evaluated against C. albicans (ATCC 90028), C. neoformans (clinical isolate), S. aureus (ATCC25923), E. coli (ATCC29953), K. pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) and S. typhi (NCTC 8385). A two-fold serial dilution method using the sterilised 96 wells of polystyrene microlitre plates used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts. Hexane and dichloromethane extracts exhibited the lowest activity against fungi strains with MICs >10 mg/mL. Root and leaf methanolic extracts exhibited activity at MICs of 5 and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively, against both tested fungi. Dichloromethane and methanolic extracts exhibited antibacterial activity with MICs ranging from 2.5 - 10 mg/mL and 0.625 - 5 mg/mL, respectively. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts of T. vogelii revealed potentiality of bioactives against fungal and bacterial diseases.Item The in vivo toxicity evaluation of leaf and root methanolic extracts of Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f using animal model(2020-11-10) Mlozi, Stephano H.; Mmongoyo, Juma A.; Chacha, MusaBackground: Traditionally, herbal medicines are commonly used to cure several diseases since immemorial of human life. Nevertheless, the safety of some traditionally used medicinal plants is uncertain. Since Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f is a traditionally used medicinal plant, the effects of its extracts were evaluated on lethality (LD50) and sub acute toxicity in this study. Methods: Phytochemistry screening and an in vivo toxicity evaluation of leaf and root methanolic extracts of T. vogelii using laboratory albino rats were conducted. Methanolic extracts of doses 600, 1200, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weights were administered single dose in rats to observe deaths within 72 h in order to determine the LD50. Methanolic extracts doses of 600, 1200 and 2000 mg/kg body weights were consecutively administered for 14 days in order to evaluate sub-acute toxicity. Results: Tannins, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids and saponins were identified in the phytochemical screening. The LD50 experiments revealed zero deaths of rats for the administered doses, 600 to 5000 mg/kg body weight. Histopathological examination of liver and kidney for sub-acute toxicity test showed safety at all doses except root methanolic extracts dose of 2000 mg/kg which exhibited necrosis and vacuolation of liver cells on the 14th day. Nonetheless, hepatic necrosis and hepatic vacuolation disappeared upon time elongation without dose administration to 28th day. Conclusion: The conducted toxicity evaluation of methanolic leaf and root extracts in albino rats revealed no deleterious effects, henceforth, suggesting that T. vogelii could be safe to users using it as a medicinal plant. Keywords: Herbal medicines, Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f, Methanolic extracts, Lethality, Sub-acute toxicityItem COMPOUNDS FOR INHIBITION OF FUNGAL MYCOTOXIN AND SPORULATION(United States Patent No .: US 10,531,662 B2, 2020-01-14) Strasburg, Gale M.; Mmongoyo, Juma A.; Linz, John E.; Wu, Felicia; Mugula, Jovin K.; Dissanayake, Amila A.; Zhang, Chuan-Rui; Wee, Josephine M.; Nair, Muraleedharan G.; Day, Devin M.Compounds and compositions are described herein that inhibit the biosynthesis of mycotoxins and fungal sporula tion . Such compounds and compositions are useful for inhibiting mold . Methods of using such compounds and compositions are also described herein that involve applying the compositions to plants , plant parts , structures , contain ers , and other surfacesItem Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 5(Book Publisher International, 2021-02-20) Washa B., WashaA study was conducted in Dalbergia melanoxylon (African Blackwood) comparing the ability to form seedling between seed germination in the soil, germination in the Murashge and Skoog medium (MS) and rooting of the cuttings to form a seedling. An overharvested species D. melanoxylon have a highly valued wood but not propagated. This is why in recent years there have been some efforts to conduct investigations that can improve seedling production. About 2 kilograms of seeds were purchased from TTSA and cuttings (root, softwood, and hardwood stem cutting) were collected from the forest for an experiment in 2010 at the Botany Department University of Dar es Salaam. Three treatments were employed for soil germination (Low, Medium, and High moisture level) while two treatments were employed for MS germination (Half strength and Full strength). Sterilizing reagents were 35%, 70% alcohol and 2.6% sodium hypochlorite. The sterilizing duration was 10, 20, and 30 minutes. Softwood, semi-hardwood, hardwood, and root cuttings were introduced in a non-mist propagator using soil inoculated with mycorrhizae. Data recorded include germination percentage, moisture level, MS concentration, sterilizing reagent concentrations and time used to sterilize the seeds, temperature, and humidity in the propagator and sprouting percentage of cuttings. Standard procedures were used to analyze and compare germination and rooting data as described by Zar, [1]. The highest germination in the soil was 21% while that of the MS was 19.8%, rooting was 100% in softwood cuttings and 37% in root cutting while semi-hardwood and hardwood cutting didn’t root at all. The two germination mediums (soil and MS) did not differ significantly while using cuttings implies harvesting of the existing forests which is not recommended. More investigations especially genetic transformation of the species for easy access in tissue culture are needed to improve seedling production of D. melanoxylon for the propagation of the species.Item The First Tissue Culture in Dalbergia melanoxylon: Problems and Limitations (Book Chapter 14) of a Book Named: Current Research Trends in Biological Science. Vol. 4, 2020(Book Publisher International, 2020-09-14) Washa B., WashaThe first attempt dared on Dalbergia melanoxylon tissue culture was conducted from 2010 to 2013 in the Botany Laboratory University of Dar es Salaam. A total of 500 seeds were sterilized at different concentrations of reagents and inoculated at different strengths of the Murashige and Skoog medium for germination to obtain disease-free explants for callus induction trials. A total of 400 nodal segments obtained from germinated seeds were sterilized at different concentrations of reagents and inoculated at different hormonal combinations to induce callus formation for seedling multiplication. Results from this tissue culture attempt set a foundation for tissue culture success in Dalbergia melanoxylon on the future research. Only 19.8% of seeds inoculated in half strength of Murashige and Skoog medium germinated within 7 days while only 6.8% of seeds inoculated in full strength germinated within 6 days. A total of 1% of inoculated Dalbergia melanoxylon fragments in Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with hormone combination at 2.0 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA developed callus after16 days from the inoculation day. The final weight of the callus at the last record was 0.62 g. The colour of callus was green and friable in nature. Other hormonal combinations in this case did not induce callus. These results suggested that the problems which affect seed germination in the natural environment are also reflected on germination in the Murashige and Skoog medium and in callus induction. Vulnerability to fungal attack is a limitation for successful callus induction and germination in the culture room. More research under improved sterile conditions is needed to improve callus percentage for seedling multiplication.Item Assessment on Potential of Cow Dung Manure in Zea mays Production at Kiwere Village in Iringa Rural District, Tanzania(Scientific Research Publisher, 2020-11-27) Washa B, WashaAn assessment on potentiality of Cow dung manure in Zea mays production at Kiwere village in Iringa Rural District (7°37'17.3"S, 35°37'48.1"E) was conducted from December 2019 to June 2020. The idea of this assessment was influenced by soil fertility depletion and the fall of Maize production in Iringa region from 1990’s. A total of 10 farms, 5 farms for Cow dung manured and 5 for non-manured in which Maize growth was monitored for 6 months. Various parameters as height, width and weight of both Maize plants and Maize fruits were recorded. Soil qualities both chemical and physical characteristics were analysed and recorded but also weather (Temperature, humidity) together with soil pH were recorded throughout the assessment period. The p-value of <0.0001 (1.03702E-07) and <0.0001 (2.45684E-05) for height and width and the highest mineral chemical values in the Cow manured 10 plots indicated that Cow manure not only increase Maize production significantly but also supports the production of soil microbial and hence renewals the soil minerals and soil fertility as well. This is why the soil physical values in the Cow dung manured plots Organic matter, porosity, soil aeration and others were found to be higher and the soil comprised of Sandy Clay Loam. Farmers are strongly advised to use this multipurpose and potential manure in their unfertile soil. Cow manures are easily available in their environment and cheaper.Item Antimicrobial activities of Tephrosia vogelii against selected pathogenic fungi and bacteria strains(2020) Mlozi, Stephano Hanolo; Mmongoyo, Juma, A; Chacha, MusaCandida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans are dangerous pathogens causing fungal diseases. C. albicans and C. neoformans developed resistance to fungicides such as fluconazole. Similarly, pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi have become resistant to antibiotcs such as methicillin. Thus, searching for alternative antimicrobial agents is inevitable. Tephrosia vogelii used traditionally for management of fungal and bacterial diseases is potential source of antimicrobial agents. It is in this vein that, antimicrobial activities of leaf and root extracts of T. vogelii were evaluated against C. albicans (ATCC 90028), C. neoformans (clinical isolate), S. aureus (ATCC25923), E. coli (ATCC29953), K. pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) and S. typhi (NCTC 8385). A two-fold serial dilution method using the sterilised 96 wells of polystyrene microlitre plates used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts. Hexane and dichloromethane extracts exhibited the lowest activity against fungi strains with MICs >10 mg/mL. Root and leaf methanolic extracts exhibited activity at MICs of 5 and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively, against both tested fungi. Dichloromethane and methanolic extracts exhibited antibacterial activity with MICs ranging from 2.5 - 10 mg/mL and 0.625 - 5 mg/mL, respectively. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts of T. vogelii revealed potentiality of bioactives against fungal and bacterial diseases.Item Antifungal activity, Lycopersicon esculentum, fungal skin infection, bioactives(Taylor and Francis, 2020) Mlozi, Stephano HanoloCandida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans are dangerous pathogens causing fungal diseases. C. albicans and C. neoformans developed resistance to fungicides such as fluconazole. Similarly, pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi have become resistant to antibiotcs such as methicillin. Thus, searching for alternative antimicrobial agents is inevitable. Tephrosia vogelii used traditionally for management of fungal and bacterial diseases is potential source of antimicrobial agents. It is in this vein that, antimicrobial activities of leaf and root extracts of T. vogelii were evaluated against C. albicans (ATCC 90028), C. neoformans (clinical isolate), S. aureus (ATCC25923), E. coli (ATCC29953), K. pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) and S. typhi (NCTC 8385). A two-fold serial dilution method using the sterilised 96 wells of polystyrene microlitre plates used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts. Hexane and dichloromethane extracts exhibited the lowest activity against fungi strains with MICs >10 mg/mL. Root and leaf methanolic extracts exhibited activity at MICs of 5 and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively, against both tested fungi. Dichloromethane and methanolic extracts exhibited antibacterial activity with MICs ranging from 2.5 - 10 mg/mL and 0.625 - 5 mg/mL, respectively. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts of T. vogelii revealed potentiality of bioactives against fungal and bacterial diseases.Item Topical application of juices from fresh leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum against fungal skin infections in Tanzania(2018) Mlozi, Stephano HanoloBackground: Skin fungal infection is one of the global problem nowadays. The aim of the study was focused to examine the antifungal activity of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaf juices (extracts) for topical application against fungal skin infections. Methodology: The juices were topically used to fungal skin infected area. Topical application of the juices from fresh leaves to the skin affected by fungi was conducted three times a day for seven days. Results: Infected skin areas were healed maximum for seven days. Healing of infected skin indicated that juices from tomato leaves were having chemical substances with antifungal activities. Conclusion: The study gave information that, we can use tomato leaf juices for against fungal infections. Moreover, promised bioactives need to be isolated and elucidated for consideration in synthesizing and development of fungal agents that can be used for topical application in management of fungal skin infections.Item Antimycobaterial and antibacterial activities of extracts from Caesalpinia bonduc ( L .) Roxb(2017) Mlozi, Stephano HanoloAim of study: The study focused on searching bioactives that can be used to combat pathogenic microbes from leaves, stem wood and stem bark of Caesalpinia bonduc Roxb. Background: Many pathogenic microbes have developed resistance to most of the recommended first line and second line drugs. Antimicrobial resistances endanger the control of infectious diseases by increasing morbidity and mortality and impose massive costs on societies in both developed and developing countries. Medicinal plants used for treatment of infectious diseases are potential of bioactives to combat this problem. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb is ethnomedically used by communities in Africa and India but little is known on the bioactive compounds therefrom. In order to know the bioactive on other parts of this plant it contains, it was necessary to undertake phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial analysis of extracts. Material and Method: The plant materials of Caesalpinia bonduc were collected from Kisakasaka mangrove reserve, Zanzibar. Micro-organisms were collected from Department of Microbiology at MUHAS. Methanol, chloroform and n-hexane extracts from stem wood, stem bark and leaves of Caesalpinia bonduc were evaluated for antimicrobials. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC29953) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC25922). Antimycobacterial activity was performed against two non-pathogenic mycobacteria species namely Mycobacteria indicus pranii and Mycobacteria madagascariense. The two-fold serial dilution method was used to evaluate MIC for antimicrobial activities. Chromatographic techniques employed in sequential extractions. Results: Extracts with high activity had MIC of 2.5 mg/mL while extracts with low activity had MIC of 5.0 mg/mL. Conclusion: Antimicrobial activity exhibited by extracts indicated that, Caesalpinia bonduc is a potential for bioactive metabolites which can be used as leads for the development of antimicrobial agents.