Department of Archeology and Heritage Studies
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Item The Acheulean sites from South Escarpment(2009-01) Rodrigo, Manuel D.; Serrallonga, Jordi; Luque, L.; Martín, Fernando D.; Alcalá, Luis; Bushozi, Pastory G.M.Item Appearance and Development of Metallurgy South of the Sahara(Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2013) Mapunda, Bertram B.Item Archaeological and Ethnographic Evidence for the Historic Consumption of Fish and Shellfish along the Coast of East Africa in Tanzania(2015) Ichumbaki, Elgidius B.By using archaeological and ethnographic evidence, this paper provides an overview of historic consumptions of fish and shellfish by local communities that lived along the coast of East Africa particularly in Tanzania. It is argued in this paper that for the past one and half millennium, fish and shellfish landing sites as well as their consumption have been changing over time and space. Data from archaeological surveys and excavations highlight some information on these two issues. Results indicate that, whereas the former (fish and shellfish landing sites) were and continue to be attributed to change in sea level and the need to meet demands of existing socio-economic setups, the latter (their consumption) was either due to availability and/or preferences. This tendency continues to-date though in a different manner. For instance, as a means to obtain preferred fishes, local communities embarked on dynamite fishing which, however, despite providing commercial and food advantages, causes serious harm to both local communities and marine resources.Item Archaeological Field Research at Ifakara, Tanzania(Nyame Akuma, 2008) Lyaya, Edwinus ChrisantusThis paper reports on field research conducted at Ifakara, east-central Tanzania (Figure 1). Ifakara is terra incognito archaeologically speaking because until this fieldwork research, nothing had been reported from this part of Tanzania. The field work was designed (1) to conduct an ethnoarchaeological survey with a view to assess public awareness of cultural heritage, (2) to conduct extensive archaeological survey to discover sites, and (3) to study modern iron smiths. This paper is based on preliminary analysis and presents results of the field research. Results indicate that Ifakara is archaeologically significant.Item Archaeological Field Research in Njombe, Tanzania(Nyame Akuma, 2008) Lyaya, Edwinus ChrisantusThis report is based on field research conducted at Njombe, southern Tanzania (Figure 1). The field research focused on investigating the bio-metallurgy of Bena ironworking and excavating Nundu iron smithing site. The results for this study indicate that while Bena iron workers were species-selective during iron working and that Nundu is an incontrovertibly smithing site in the southern highlands of Tanzania.Item Archaeological Perspective on the Impacts of Caravan Trade Expansion in East Africa: Emerging Alternative Histories(UDSM, 2020) Biginagwa, Thomas; Katto, PhilbertThe last two decades have witnessed an increase of archaeological research interest in the East African caravan trade, a topic that was traditionally exclusive to historians. Long-term empirical evidence currently generated by archaeologists continues to consolidate our understanding of the caravan trade, and helps to question some inferences previously drawn from colonial libraries. This paper presents archaeological evidence unearthed from the Northern and Southern caravan routes located in the corresponding areas in the contemporary northern and southern Tanzania. The paper engages material evidence to re-examine some of the consequences of the caravan trade commonly reported in historical writings. Doing so, the paper demonstrates the utility of considering material culture records in studying and re-writing Africa’s recent past.Item Archaeology for whose interest – archaeologists or the locals?(Routledge (London), 2004) Mapunda, Bertram B.; Lane, Paul JeremyItem Archaeology of Hehe Iron Smelting Technology at Kalenga, Southern Tan zania(Studies in the African Past, 2012) Lyaya, Edwinus ChrisantusItem The archaeology of the Middle Pleistocene deposits of Lake Eyasi, Tanzania(2007-05) Rodrigo, Manuel D.; Martín, Fernando D.; Mabulla, Audax ZP.; Luque, L.; Alcalá, Luis; Vinagre, Antonio T.; Sáez, José A. L.; Barba, R.; Bushozi, Pastory G.M.Ongoing archaeological research at North Lake Eyasi has produced a wealth of information, including a new hominid fossil and several archaeological sites dating to the end of the Middle Pleistocene. One of the sites (WB9) has been excavated and has produced evidence of multiple processes in its formation, including evidence of functional associations of stone tools and faunal remains which are scarce for this time period. The stone tool industry is based on a core and flake industry, which is not very diagnostic and attributed to MSA. Earlier heavy-duty tools classified as Sangoan may derive from the underlying Eyasi Beds. The stratigraphic provenience of previous fossil hominids is unknown. Surface collections from the Eyasi lake, thus, comprise two different sets of stone tools and fossils, which can only be clearly differentiated in the field. This advises against the use of previously curated collections as a homogeneous sample. Earlier definitions of the Njarasa industry should be revised. This work presents results on the paleoecology of the area and of its paleontological and archaeological information, with special reference to the excavation of WB9, the most complete site discovered in the area so far. This contributes to the limited information available about site functionality and hominid subsistential behaviour in East Africa during the end of the Middle Pleistocene. A technological study from WB9 also shows the variability of stone tool traditions at this timeItem The Archaeology of the Middle Pleistocene deposits of Lake Eyasi, Tanzania.(Journal of African Archaeology, 2007) Dominguez, Guillermo Rodriguez; Mabulla, Audax Z.P.; Diez-Martin, F.; Luque, L.; Tarrino, A.; Lopez-Sanz, J.A.; Barba, R.; Bushozi, Pastory G.M.Item The archaeology of the North Escarpment(2009-01) Rodrigo, Manuel D.; Martín, F. D.; Luque, L.; Alcalá, Luis; Bushozi, Pastory G.M.Item An assessment of strategies for cultural heritage management and tourism development in the Eyasi basin, northern Tanzania.(Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 2015) Bushozi, Pastory G.M.Item Bagamoyo: from a slave port to tourist destination(Department of History (UDSM), 2007) Mapunda, Bertram B.Item A Bibliography of Tanzania's Prehistory Volume 1(Dar es Salaam University Press, 2013) Ichumbaki, Elgidius B.; Marufu, HappinosThe book collects all the publications on subjects mainly archaeology, prehistory and the related heritage studies both published and unpublished until 2012. It is a guideline to a list of what has been done in Tanzania arranged in an alphabetical order. Additionally, research reports and both thesis and dissertations are listed in an alphabetical order.Item Bio-archaeometallurgy, Technology, and Spatial Organization of Ironworking at Mjimwema, Njombe Tanzania(UCL, 2011) Lyaya, Edwinus ChrisantusAmongst the features of ironworking of sub-Saharan Africa can be counted: (1) the critical incorporation of rituals, symbolism, and medicines; (2) that some societies produced bloomery iron through two stages - namely, iron smelting and smithing - while others, employed a three-stage process where an iron refining process was situated between the former two stages; (3) that while iron smelting activities were generally secluded from the general population, iron refining and smithing were more often carried out in or near villages. The purpose of the current work is to examine the available archaeometallurgical remains of ironworking in order to investigate how the Mjimwema ironworking technology in Tanzania relates to these three features of the African ironworking process. To this end, methods including macroscopic examination of the remains, ethnohistorical exploration of the process, and botanical classification of the bioarchaeometallurgical samples have been used. The results indicate that the ironworking at Mjimwema followed the two-stage process, and that the ironworking process symbolised the process of pregnancy and child-birth. With regard to the latter finding, it is argued that in order to fully understand the justification of the incorporation of rituals and medicines in the technology, we ought to give equal research attention to the socio-cultural contexts within which the technology operated. It is also argued that the same socio-cultural conditions explain the seclusion of both smelting and smithing activities from residential areas.Item The Bloom Refining Technology in Ufipa, Tanzania (1850-1950)(Archaeopress, 2012) Lyaya, Edwinus Chrisantus; Mapunda, Bertram Baltazar; Thiro, RehrenThe classification of African metalliferous relics generally lacks clarity, because African ironworking involved variable processes. The purpose of this paper was to find out how the refining process was related to or different from the smelting process, macroscopically, chemically, and microscopically. Macroscopically, refining sites or clusters in the field can be differentiated from smelting clusters based on attributes such as area size, slag morphology, quantity and composition of the remains. Chemically, it has been difficult to draw a line between the two processes, but there is a significant difference between the two based on microstructural analyses. Refining slag principally contain roundish iron prills indicative of a highly reducing process if compared to the smelting process, which results in more angular ferritic iron particles. These results indicate that the refining process was meant to consolidate incoherent and slag-rich bloom fragments into larger, denser and possibly more carbon-rich metal ready to be forged into high-quality implements.Item The Bloom Refining Technology in Ufipa, Tanzania (1850-1950).(Archaeopress (Oxford), 2012) Mapunda, Bertram B.; Lyaya, Edwinus C.; Rehren, ThiloItem Building a ngalawa double-outrigger dugout in Bagamoyo, Tanzania: a craftsman at his work.(Routledge, 2022) Ichumbaki, ElgidiusThis article documents master logboat-builder Alalae Mohamed’s construction of a ngalawa fishing vessel in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. The ngalawa is an extended logboat with double outrigger and lateen sail used by low-income, artisanal fishers. It is the most common marine vessel type of the East African coast. This article follows the construction process from Alalae’s selection and the felling of the tree(s) to the launching of the vessel. It outlines the tools and materials used, details the sequence he followed, and presents his choices and considerations made along the way. It is accompanied by a documentary film recording the construction process, a 3D digital model of the vessel and detailed construction drawings.Item Burial Pottery versus Domestic pottery: An Archaeological Study of Decoration and Style in North-eastern Zimbabwe(The Journal of Archaeological Network, 2013) Saanane, Charles, B.; Marufu, H,Item Challenges Facing Accessible Tourism in Cultural Heritage Sites: The Case of Village Museum in Tanzania(Journal of tourism – studies and research in tourism, 2017) Lwoga, Noel Biseko; Mapunda, Bertram B.Serving people with disabilities is vital to fully attain equality and equity, which are pillars of sustainable tourism development. However, this is not a straightforward endeavor as sites are faced with challenges, including the dilemma of site modification versus the preservation concerns of experts. By drawing largely on the Village Museum site in Tanzania, this study uses the barrier approach to examine the challenges faced by cultural tourism sites in their endeavor to cater for people with disabilities as visitors. By employing mainly a qualitative case study, the study found that, to a certain extent, the site caters for people with disabilities, although inadequate designated facilities are among the challenges that the site faces in its endeavor to cater for people with disabilities, as well as inadequate funds, and lack of personnel skilled in communicating with visitors with disabilities. The barrier approach revealed the presence of doubts about jeopardizing the heritage’s authenticity when installing specially designed facilities. The paper recommends that the site and the cultural tourism sector at large takes appropriate measures to address the concerns and barriers that the disabled encounter when visiting the sites. It also provides recommendations for further research.