Department of Archeology and Heritage Studies
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Item Living sites at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania? Preliminary landscape archaeology results in the basal Bed II lake margin zone(Journal of Human Evolution, 1991) Blumenschine, Robert J.; Masao, Fidelis T.Item Tanzania's Endangered Heritage: A Call for a Protection Program(African Archaeological Review, 1996) Mabulla, Audax Z.P.There is no doubt that heritage resource loss in Tanzania is proceeding at an alarming rate. Natural and human agencies, adverse storage infrastructures and techniques, and lack of trained conservators and curators and of a proper protection program are the major threats that endanger the heritage resources of Tanzania. As our natural and cultural environments bring irreparable damage to the resources that document our human history, we need to preserve and protect them before they vanish. A preservation and protection program for Tanzania should include public education, the establishment of heritage preservation laws, more progress in the inventory and protection of in situ heritage resources, research into preservation and conservation methods, training of staff, and improvements in the curation of collected heritage resources and records. Preservation and protection of heritage resources are collaborative exercises. The scientific and world community need to support and engage in this proposed program both technically and financially, if the preservation and protection of heritage resources in Tanzania are to succeed.Item Strategy for Cultural Heritage Management (CHM) in Africa: A Case Study(African Archaeological Review, 2000) Mabulla, Audax Z.P.Africa is both fortunate and unfortunate as far as Cultural Heritage Management (CHM) is concerned. Fortunate because the continent is a warehouse for the heritage resources, which document the origin and development of our humanity. In the meantime, it is very unfortunate that Africa is too poor to take care of such vast cultural treasures. In this paper, I use Tanzania as a case study to explore ways that Africa can generate revenue and public support for CHM. An effective means of accomplishing this goal is to make the products of the past attractive and accessible for cultural tourism. Only in this way does Africa’s past heritage become economically sustainable for long-term survival, productivity, and contribution to global education, research, tourism, and pride in the past accomplishments of humanity.Item Destruction of archaeological heritage in Tanzania: The cost of ignorance(McDonald Institute, Cambridge, 2001) Mapunda, Bertram B.Item Archaeology for whose interest – archaeologists or the locals?(Routledge (London), 2004) Mapunda, Bertram B.; Lane, Paul JeremyItem Salvaging Tanzania’s Cultural Heritage(Dar es Salaam University Press, 2005) Mapunda, Bertram B.; Msemwa, P.Item Bagamoyo: from a slave port to tourist destination(Department of History (UDSM), 2007) Mapunda, Bertram B.Item Hospitality Industry in the East African Community(The Business Times Newspaper of the 2/3/2007, 2007) Lwoga, Noel B.Item The Archaeology of the Middle Pleistocene deposits of Lake Eyasi, Tanzania.(Journal of African Archaeology, 2007) Dominguez, Guillermo Rodriguez; Mabulla, Audax Z.P.; Diez-Martin, F.; Luque, L.; Tarrino, A.; Lopez-Sanz, J.A.; Barba, R.; Bushozi, Pastory G.M.Item Hunting and Foraging in the Eyasi Basin, Northern Tanzania: Past, Present and Future Prospects(African Archaeological Review, 2007) Mabulla, Audax Z.P.In this paper I document the history of hunting and foraging in the Eyasi Basin, northern Tanzania, from about 130,000 bp to contemporary times, by reviewing the available archaeological, palaeontological, historical and ethnographic data. The review reveals a complex co-existence and interactions between hunter-foragers and herders and farmers from about 3,000 bp until the present. In addition, the review exposes intricate opportunities and at the same time risks/constraints that face extant Hadzabe hunter-foragers in the 21st century. The Hadzabe are a group of about 800– 1,000 people who live in the Eyasi Basin. Traditionally, they are viewed as hunterforagers— people who acquire nearly all of their food by hunting wild animals and foraging wild plant foods and honey. Although Hadzabe have been closely surrounded by other ethnic and cultural groups with whom they have interacted, for at least the last 100 years, their existence as a cultural group in the 21st century is in doubt. Mitigation measures are required in order to enhance the existence of this important cultural group.Item The Middle and Later Stone Age of Iringa, Southern Tanzania(Nyame Akuma, 2007) Biittner, K.M.; Bushozi, Pastory G.M.; Willoughby, P.Item The archaeology of the Middle Pleistocene deposits of Lake Eyasi, Tanzania(2007-05) Rodrigo, Manuel D.; Martín, Fernando D.; Mabulla, Audax ZP.; Luque, L.; Alcalá, Luis; Vinagre, Antonio T.; Sáez, José A. L.; Barba, R.; Bushozi, Pastory G.M.Ongoing archaeological research at North Lake Eyasi has produced a wealth of information, including a new hominid fossil and several archaeological sites dating to the end of the Middle Pleistocene. One of the sites (WB9) has been excavated and has produced evidence of multiple processes in its formation, including evidence of functional associations of stone tools and faunal remains which are scarce for this time period. The stone tool industry is based on a core and flake industry, which is not very diagnostic and attributed to MSA. Earlier heavy-duty tools classified as Sangoan may derive from the underlying Eyasi Beds. The stratigraphic provenience of previous fossil hominids is unknown. Surface collections from the Eyasi lake, thus, comprise two different sets of stone tools and fossils, which can only be clearly differentiated in the field. This advises against the use of previously curated collections as a homogeneous sample. Earlier definitions of the Njarasa industry should be revised. This work presents results on the paleoecology of the area and of its paleontological and archaeological information, with special reference to the excavation of WB9, the most complete site discovered in the area so far. This contributes to the limited information available about site functionality and hominid subsistential behaviour in East Africa during the end of the Middle Pleistocene. A technological study from WB9 also shows the variability of stone tool traditions at this timeItem Archaeological Field Research in Njombe, Tanzania(Nyame Akuma, 2008) Lyaya, Edwinus ChrisantusThis report is based on field research conducted at Njombe, southern Tanzania (Figure 1). The field research focused on investigating the bio-metallurgy of Bena ironworking and excavating Nundu iron smithing site. The results for this study indicate that while Bena iron workers were species-selective during iron working and that Nundu is an incontrovertibly smithing site in the southern highlands of Tanzania.Item Archaeological Field Research at Ifakara, Tanzania(Nyame Akuma, 2008) Lyaya, Edwinus ChrisantusThis paper reports on field research conducted at Ifakara, east-central Tanzania (Figure 1). Ifakara is terra incognito archaeologically speaking because until this fieldwork research, nothing had been reported from this part of Tanzania. The field work was designed (1) to conduct an ethnoarchaeological survey with a view to assess public awareness of cultural heritage, (2) to conduct extensive archaeological survey to discover sites, and (3) to study modern iron smiths. This paper is based on preliminary analysis and presents results of the field research. Results indicate that Ifakara is archaeologically significant.Item A new archaic Homo sapiens fossil from Lake Eyasi, Tanzania(2008-06) Rodrigo, Manuel D.; Mabulla, Audax ZP.; Luque, L.; Thompson, J. W.; Rink, W.J; Bushozi, Pastory G.M.; Martín, Fernando D.; Alcalá, LuisThe Kohl Larsen expeditions to Lake Eyasi (Tanzania) in the early 20th century discovered the remains of three hominid skulls, one of them fairly complete (Eyasi 1), of unknown Middle Pleistocene age (Mehlman, 1984, 1989). The lack of chronological control resulted in the exclusion of these remains from the mainstream of discussions concerning the emergence of Homo sapiens. Since then, a hominid mandible and occipital fragments have been discovered (Mehlman, 1989; Brauer and Mabulla, 1996). Recently a new frontal bone was retrieved from the lake sediments in association with a core and flake industry classified within the early MSA (Middle Stone Age) tradition (Domı´nguez-Rodrigo et al., 2007). All these specimens come from the areas of Northeast Bay and West Bay into which the fossiliferous Eyasi region can be divided (Mehlman, 1987, 1989; Fig. 1). Lake Eyasi is an asymmetric lacustrine basin in relation to the Tanzanian Divergence Zone of the Gregory Rift. It is situated south of the Crater Highlands and is formed by a tectonic step constituted by the escarpment resulting from a northwest fault. A flexure zone can be documented to the east where the Proterozoic and Archaean basement outcrops (Ebinger et al., 1997). The Eyasi lake basin adopted its modern form about 1 million years ago (Pickering, 1961; Mac IntyrItem Excavation of 19th century caravan trade halts in north-eastern Tanzania(Nyame Akuma, 2009) Biginagwa, Thomas JohnThis report presents the preliminary results of excavations conducted in the areas around Korogwe district in Tanga region, north eastern Tanzania. The work was carried out over two field seasons between the months of July-September 2008 and 2009. This investigation forms part of a broader research program undertaken by the Historical Ecologies of East African Landscapes (HEEAL) project based at the University of York, UK. This parent project seeks to reconstruct the long term history of human impacts on East African landscapes over the last 500 years. In keeping with this broader objective, the project outlined here aims to investigate the relationship between the expansion of the caravan trade during the 19th century and possible agronomic transformation and land-use changes in the areas crossed by the caravan trade routes in the lower Pangani, north eastern Tanzania.Item Re-visiting African Bloom Refining Technology in Tanzania(Nyame Akuma, 2009) Lyaya, Edwinus ChrisantusItem The Acheulean sites from South Escarpment(2009-01) Rodrigo, Manuel D.; Serrallonga, Jordi; Luque, L.; Martín, Fernando D.; Alcalá, Luis; Bushozi, Pastory G.M.Item The archaeology of the North Escarpment(2009-01) Rodrigo, Manuel D.; Martín, F. D.; Luque, L.; Alcalá, Luis; Bushozi, Pastory G.M.Item Implications of Cultural Heritage Management Crisis to Tourism Development in Dar es Salaam City Centre(University of Dar es Salaam Business School, 2010) Lwoga, Noel B.