College of Social Sciences

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4. Arranged Marriages
(1994) Katapa, R. S.
Access to Artemisinin-Based Anti-Malarial Treatment and Its Related Factors in Rural Tanzania
(2013-05) Khatib, Rashid A.; Selemani, Majige; Mrisho, Gumi A.; Masanja, Irene M.; Amuri, Mbaraka; Njozi, Mustafa; Dan, Kajungu; Kuepfer, Irene; Abdulla, Salim; De Savigny, Don
Background Artemisinin-based combination treatment (ACT) has been widely adopted as one of the main malaria control strategies. However, its promise to save thousands of lives in sub-Saharan Africa depends on how effective the use of ACT is within the routine health system. The INESS platform evaluated effective coverage of ACT in several African countries. Timely access within 24 hours to an authorized ACT outlet is one of the determinants of effective coverage and was assessed for artemether-lumefantrine (Alu), in two district health systems in rural Tanzania. Methods From October 2009 to June 2011we conducted continuous rolling household surveys in the Kilombero-Ulanga and the Rufiji Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites (HDSS). Surveys were linked to the routine HDSS update rounds. Members of randomly pre-selected households that had experienced a fever episode in the previous two weeks were eligible for a structured interview. Data on individual treatment seeking, access to treatment, timing, source of treatment and household costs per episode were collected. Data are presented on timely access from a total of 2,112 interviews in relation to demographics, seasonality, and socio economic status. Results In Kilombero-Ulanga, 41.8% (CI: 36.6–45.1) and in Rufiji 36.8% (33.7–40.1) of fever cases had access to an authorized ACT provider within 24 hours of fever onset. In neither of the HDSS site was age, sex, socio-economic status or seasonality of malaria found to be significantly correlated with timely access. Conclusion Timely access to authorized ACT providers is below 50% despite interventions intended to improve access such as social marketing and accreditation of private dispensing outlets. To improve prompt diagnosis and treatment, access remains a major bottle neck and new more innovative interventions are needed to raise effective coverage of malaria treatment in Tanzania.
Accountability and Transparency at the Grassroots Level: The Experience of Tanzania
(2009-11) Mallya, Ernest T.
It is fashionable today to hear that it is necessary to have good governance as a means to development. Good governance as prescribed by the advocates includes several elements such as rule of law, constitutionalism, the observance of human rights, regular free and fair elections, accountability and transparency, among others. It is believed that the combination of these elements creates a conducive atmosphere for the conduct of government business that is pro-people, and one that is likely to accelerate the development process. Many developing countries are at different stages of trying to have these features in place. Tanzania too is trying. There have been different reform programmes and projects including Local Government Reforms, Public Service Reforms, Financial Sector Reforms as well as Legal Sector Reform. Further there are efforts to make the government more efficient through e-government.
Activity Participation and Perceptions on Informal Public Transport and Bus Rapid Transit in Dar es Salaam
(SAGE, 2020-09-10) Joseph, Lucy; Neven, An; Marten, Karel; Kweka, Opportuna; Wets, Geert; Janssens, Davy
This paper seeks to understand participation in out-of-home activities by inhabitants in Dar es Salaam, and their perceptions toward informal public transport (IPT) and bus rapid transit (BRT) in supporting these activities. Without fixed schedules, IPT (e.g., minibuses, motorcycles, and tricycles) is used as a means of transport for different trips. However, IPT is burdened by poor roads, traffic congestion, and high transport demand. Many developing cities are seeking to replace IPT with formal BRT lines. However, little is known in relation to the ability of IPT and BRT to support out-of-home activity participation of the inhabitants. This paper reports on a study in Dar es Salaam exploring the relative contribution of each type of service. The study took place before the opening of BRT, and encompasses focus group discussions, participatory geographical information systems, and questionnaires carried out in two study zones: one close to a BRT corridor and the other in a peri-urban location. The findings show that IPT was used to support participation in daily activities like work, education, shopping, and social matters; and was perceived to be flexible in providing access to both high and low density unplanned settlements. The BRT was viewed to benefit specific groups of people, especially individuals working in permanent offices in and around the city center, particularly professional workers. This paper sheds light on how the two systems were perceived by the local people and can inform policy makers about possible improvements in public transport systems to support activity participation of their inhabitants
Aerial Imagery for Monitoring Land Use in East African Wetland Ecosystems
(IEEE, 2009) Franke, Jonas; Becker, M.; Menz, Gunter; Misana, Salome B.; Mwita, Emiliana J.; Nienkemper, Pamela
Anthropogenic pressure and environmental change processes are key drivers of the recent intensification in the agricultural use of East African wetlands. Land shortage and degradation of upland areas as well as climate change effects turn wetland ecosystems into focal points of production by commercial and traditional users, entailing rapid wetland use changes and, in some instances, severe wetland degradation. An ecosystem inventory by mapping land cover and monitoring land use changes with remote sensing improves our understanding of change processes in wetlands and will contribute to the provision of decision support for sustainable use of wetland ecosystems. However, the spatial resolution of satellite systems is often too coarse to derive land use information at the plot level. In particular, small wetlands often exhibit abrupt transitions into different types of land use and landscape elements. Hence, monitoring of small wetlands requires spatially high-resolution remote sensing data, accounting for the prevailing small-scale diversity in land use. High-resolution aerial imagery, which is not available for most parts of East Africa, may provide information of wetland use/change at the required plot-level scale. Therefore, image acquisition campaigns over Kenyan and Tanzanian wetlands were realized with a common Nikon D-200 in September 2008 and February 2009, respectively. A comprehensive geo-referenced image data set that displays land use units at the plot level was obtained, used to discriminate various land cover types. Land cover/-land use maps can be derived that reveal land use trends fundamental for providing decision support for a sustainable wetland use.
African Migration Workshop: Understanding Migration Dynamics in the Continent Title: Rethinking the African Refugees’ Movements and Caring Practices in the Post Structural Adjustment Program Era
(2007) Kweka, Opportuna L.
For the past four decades refugee movements have dominated the international migration arena in Africa. However, theorizing migration has mainly concentrated on international labor migration. The new transnational migration theory for example, assumes porous borders and assumes that all migrants are capable of accessing resources in the places to which they migrate. I argue, on the contrary, that in the era of structural adjustment programs in Africa, migrants such as refugees are associated with immobility instead of transnational movements. As a result of restriction on their mobility, these migrants have adopted different forms of survival strategies such as repatriation, returnees, and recyclers. Through a historical account and a case study of Burundian refugees in camps in western Tanzania, I provide narratives of the refugees both on the causes of their movements, and also on the changes and challenges in their participation in different forms of survival strategies. I argue that the dynamics in the causes of movements of the refugees in camps and the new patterns of movement challenge our understanding of the category “refugee” in Africa and call for new ways of theorizing and studying about as well as caring for the refugees. The paper provides both theoretical and methodological contributions to studies on refugees in Africa.
African Public Administration: A Reader
(AAPS Books, 2000) Mukandala, Rwekaza S.
Agencies in Foreign Aid
(Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999) Hyden, Goran; Mukandala, Rwekaza S.
Agrarian Transformation and Rural Development in Tanzania
(1983) Maeda, J. H. J.; Msambichaka, Lucian A.
Agricultural Credit in Tanzania 1961-1966 / Le Crédit Agricole En Tanzanie 1961-66
(1989) Lundahl, Mats; Msambichaka, Lucian A.
The article deals with the history of formal agricultural credit in Tanzania during the first years of independence, up to the Arusha Declaration in 1967. During this period greater efforts than hitherto were made to reach the small African farmer and make him switch to improved methods of production. The period also saw the emergence of national policies in the monetary sector. Some old credit institutions were abolished and new ones were established. The foundations were laid for present rural lending policies. In quantitative terms little was achieved, however. In 1967-68 no more than 4,5 percent of all loans to rural households came from, inadequately functioning, public institutions
Agricultural Credit in Tanzania: A Peasant Perspective / Le Crédit Agricole En Tanzanie - Le Point De Vue Des Agriculteurs
(1987) Amani, Haidari K. R.; Msambichaka, Lucian A.; Hedlund, Stefan; Lundahl, Mats
Cet article présente les résultats d'une enquête sur le crédit agricole qui s'est déroulée au mois de décembre 1984 dans les régions de Iringa, Dodoma et Morogoro en Tanzanie. On connait actuellement très peu de choses sur l'expérience des agriculteurs tanzaniens pour ce qui est la demande et l'offre de crédits. Au niveau gouvernemental, on met l'accent sur les besoins en crédits sans trop savoir si les agriculteurs partagent ce point de vue et sans connaître le volume des crédits disponibles dans les campagnes. Le plupart des agriculteurs interrogés n'ont pas d'épargne liquide ou n'épargnent que de petites sommes (il est bon d'ajouter toutefois que le bétail est une forme d'avoir très répandue). Il est indéniable qu'une demande de crédit existe et tout porte à croire que les prêts dont la finalité est la production agricole constituent la part la plus grande de cette demande. D'après les agriculteurs, le manque de capital nécessaire à la production agricole en limite son volume. Le quart seulement des agriculteurs interrogés reconnaissent avoir obtenu un prêt l'année précédant l'enquête et 40% de ces prêts proviennent de sources privées (non-officielles) avec, cependant, de grandes différences entre les régions. Les crédits officiels sont répartis de manière inégale entre les régions. Les connaissances sur les sources éventuelles de crédit à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur des villages sont rudimentaires. Les possibilités d'emprunt sont ignorées par environ la moitié des agriculteurs interrogés. Les sommes à emprunter sont relativement petites — en règle générale inférieures à 1.000 shillings — et les prêts ne sont pas accordés pour plus d'un an dans la majeure partie des cas. Les taux d'intérêt sont bas pour les sources officielles comme privées et il n'existe aucun système de prêts à usure. Néanmoins, la majorité des agriculteurs interrogés préfère les crédits officiels au prêts accordés par des personnes privées.
Agricultural Development in Tanzania 1961-82: Performance and Major Constraints.
(1985) Ndulu, B. J.; Msambichaka, Lucian A.
The new policy has not been a success. The share of agriculture in GDP fell from about 60% at the beginning of the 1960s to 36% 20 years later. The food self-sufficiency target has not been reached. However, as the population outgrows food production, resort has been made to food imports. Finally, the production of export crops has been very mixed, with negative trends for some of the most important crops. The agricultural sector continues to provide most of the employment in the country largely due to the failure of the non-agricultural sectors to develop sufficiently rapidly.
Aid Effectiveness to Infrastructure: A Comparative Study of East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Case Study of Tanzania
(2008) Likwelile, Servacius B.; Rutasitara, Longinus; Haule, Joseph O.
The development challenge facing Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA), Tanzania in particular, relates to the highest levels of poverty. A number of strategies have been put in place to address this challenge the main focus being how to sustainably enhance growth which is necessary for poverty reduction. Among constraints to growth are lack of supportive infrastructure and weak institutional capacity (including minimal state effectiveness and weak societal engagement). Studies show that growth is positively affected by the stock of infrastructure assets and that income inequality declines with higher infrastructure quantity and quality (Ndulu et al., 2007), but for most SSA countries, growth is constrained by lack of supportive infrastructure and weak institutional capacity, including minimal state effectiveness and weak societal engagement. Key institutions, both public and private, are necessary for private sector growth, which is an engine of growth. How institutions are harnessed and proper linkages between actors developed is a matter developing countries have been and are still grappling with.
Aids, Poverty and Representative Democracy in Tanzania
(2009-01) Mallya, Ernest T.
The United Republic of Tanzania comprises the Mainland Tanzania (Tanganyika) and Zanzibar. The Mainland attained its independence from Britain under the leadership of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) on 9th December, 1961. In Zanzibar the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) staged a revolution on 12th January, 1964 ousting an Arab-dominated coalition after an election late 1963. A Union between Zanzibar and Tanganyika came into being on 26th April 1964. By the operation of law, TANU was the sole political party on the Mainland from 1965 while ASP remained the only political organization in Zanzibar. On the 5th February, 1977 TANU and ASP merged to form Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) and the two governments came under a single political party, CCM. Constitutionally there have always been two governments: the Union Government and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. The Government of the United Republic has jurisdiction over all Union matters throughout the United Republic and over Non-Union Matters on the Mainland. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) has jurisdiction over all Non-Union matters in Zanzibar.
Alternative Livelihood Strategies Among Parastatal Sector Employees in Tanzania
(United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1995) Mukandala, Rwekaza S.
Analyses of poverty in Tanzania: How well do they inform the policy process?
(Tanzania Journal of Development Studies, 2005) Rutasitara, Longinus; Likwelile, Servacius; Luvanda, Eliab
Tanzania is one of the poor countries that developed Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) towards the end of the 1990s under the aegis of the international financial institutions and support of development partners. One of the requirements was that the PRSP address the multi-dimensional nature of poverty and how to reduce it. This paper amplifies on this aspect and specifically the fact that comprehensive analyses of poverty for policy-making demand not only high quality data but also high capacity to make such analyses. The paper examines the level of poverty assessments available at the time of the preparation of Tanzania’s PRSP and implications for subsequent work. I
Analysis of Agricultural Change Using Field Allocation to Crops Technique. A Case of Uporoto Highlands, Southern Tanzania
(Journal of the Geographical Association of Tanzania, 2013) Sokoni, Cosmas H.
Every agricultural system is dynamic as it functions within changing demographic, socio-economic and physical environments. The understanding of agricultural change is important because of its strong relationship to socio-economic, environmental and political systems. This paper discusses the field allocation to crops technique for analysis of changes in crop composition in farming systems. The technique is suitable at local scale and in environments where farmers have multiplicity of fields in different locations in order to benefit from micro climates variations. The paper discusses the relevance of studying changes in crop composition for understanding agricultural change and the technique’s strengths and weaknesses. The technique is demonstrated using data from a farming systems survey in the Uporoto Highlands, Mbeya region, Tanzania. Through capturing gain and loss of fields by crops, the technique unveils changes in the relative importance of crops over time. The technique is relevant for understanding agricultural change with respect to crop composition, and for identification of patterns of changes for better informed decision making.
Analyzing the Relationship Between Objective–Subjective Health Status and Public Perception of Climate Change as AaHuman Health Risk in Coastal Tanzania
(Taylor & Francis, 2015-01) Armah, Frederick A.; Luginaah, Isaac; Genesis, Yengoh; Hambati, Herbert; Chuenpagdee, Ratana; Campbell, Gwyn
Climate change is considered as the biggest threat to human health in the 21st century. Sub-Saharan Africa, which is the most-at-risk region of the world, is estimated to have a disproportionately large share of the burden of climate change-induced environmental and human health risks. To develop effective adaptations to protect public health, it is essential to consider how individuals perceive and understand the risks, and how they might be willing to change their behaviors in response to them. Using a cross-sectional survey of 1253 individuals in coastal Tanzania we analyzed the relationship between subjective health status (self-reported health) and objective health status on the one hand and perceived health risks of climate change. Generally, higher subjective health status was associated with lower scores on perceived health risks of climate change. Concerning objective health status, the results were varied. Individuals who affirmed that they had been previously diagnosed with hepatitis, skin conditions, or tuberculosis had lower scores on perceived health risks of climate change, unlike their counterparts who affirmed that they had been previously diagnosed with malaria in the past 12 months or had been diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. These relationships persist even when biosocial and sociocultural attributes are taken into consideration. The results underscore the complex ways in which objective and subjective health interact with both biosocial and sociocultural factors to shape perceived health risks of climate change. Do you want to read the rest of this publication?Access full-text
Approaches to the Study of African Political Thought
(Taamuli: A Political Science Forum, 1977) Mukandala, Rwekaza S.
Are Charcoal Makers Willing to Participate in a Scheme of Payment for Environmental Services: A Choice Experiment in the Coastal Forest of Tanzania
(2010) Kahyarara, Godius W.
Economic instruments such as Payment for Environmental Services (PES) have become very popular to jointly address poverty alleviation and sustainable management of natural resources. In this paper we focus on the suppliers of the environmental services in a case study in the Coastal Belt Forests of Tanzania. A Choice Experiment is conducted to determine charcoal makers' willingness to participate in a PES scheme and the compensation necessary to make them give up their destructive – but vital income generating – forest activities, mainly charcoal production. We find that this willingness does exist, especially if other cash generating alternatives are offered. However we also conclude that a PES alone will not be sufficient to halt the destruction of the Coastal Forests if nothing is done to curb the growing urban demand for charcoal.

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