College of Information and Communication Technology

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Access Authorization and Monitoring for Web Based Resources for e-Learning System for Secondary Schools in Tanzania
(2007-11-16) Mkocha, K.; Kissaka, Mussa; Mwinyiwiwa, B. M. M.
This paper presents the development of a mechanism for the authorization and monitoring of data for a web based e-learning system. System data as well as the different user groups accessing the data have been defined. Constraints to use the LAMP solution stack, the UML models are coded in PHP which is embedded in the HTML. These interfaces are used as doorways through which different users, as per their role, can access and work on the system data according to their clearance. On the other hand, the administrator can see different reports, from system logs by simply pressing a button.
Accessibility and Usability of Government Websites in Tanzania
(The African Journal of Information Systems, 2017-09-28) Mtebe, Joel S.; Kondoro, Aron
The government of Tanzania has been embracing information systems specifically websites to enlarge access to government services, lower administrative costs, and to increase public participation in decision making. As a result, almost every ministry, department, and agency (MDA) has developed a unique website. However, most of existing websites were developed without sufficiently considering users’ needs which indicates that they do have some usability and accessibility problems. This study used the SortSite tool to evaluate accessibility and usability of government websites taking a sample of 22 websites. The report from the SortSite tool was then checked against the W3 WCAG accessibility standards and Section 508 guidelines, and usability issues based on the US Federal (Usability.gov) guidelines. The results show that most of websites have many accessibility and usability problems that hinder citizens from using them. This study provides recommendations on how to improve usability and accessibility of these websites.
Accessing water services in Dar es Salaam: Are we counting what counts?
(Habitat International, 2014-10) Nganyanyuka, Kapongola; Martnez, Javier; Wesselink, Anna; Lungo, Juma H.; Georgiadoua, Y.
A significant proportion of urban residents in developing countries has no access to public water supply and relies on unofficial, or even illegal, sources. They buy water from small scale water vendors or collect it from unimproved water sources. This paper draws on qualitative semi-structured interviews with public officials, private water providers and citizens to document details of citizens' strategies for accessing water in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. From these data, we develop a descriptive and evaluative framework to capture the complex mix of sources, uses, and intermediaries in planned and unplanned settings and by affluent and poor citizens. We assess to what extent these strategies solve access problems like quantity, quality, affordability and reliability. We conclude that statistics such as the Millennium Development Goals do not count the access to drinking water that counts for citizens. We discern a bias towards formal state or privatised city-wide systems, discounting the mostly informal, small-scale and unofficial strategies to access water.
Active Learning through Smart Grid Model Site in Challenge Based Learning Course
(Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, 2018-10) Kalinga, Ellen A.; Ibwe, Kwame S.; Mvungi, Nerey H.; Tenhunen, Hannu
Smart Grid is a new and growing technology to developing countries. Its implementation and sustainability rely on well trained experts. Sustainability of the smart grid need local experts, hence a project named iGRID: Smart Grid Capacity Development and Enhancement in Tanzania was started. The project is running at the College of Information and Communication Technologies, University of Dar es Salaam. It intends to generate the necessary technical and scientific skills to ensure sustainable implementation of smart grid. iGRID project introduced taught PhD and Masters programs focusing on society, innovation and entrepreneurship in iGRID aspects, as well as to facilitate implementation of automation of monitoring, evaluation, analysis, control and management of electrical power system (smart grid) in order to improve delivery efficiency and to optimize operational costs in the electrical power system in Tanzania. The project made use of Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) methodology to engage students to work together with stakeholders in identifying challenges facing electrical power system in Tanzania. This paper presents the experience of using CBL methodology to achieve active learning to engineering students. The dynamicity of the teaching model, allowed students to acquire skills necessary to solve medium to high tech complex problems. The results build a continuous learning platform for students researching in electrical field.
Active Learning through Smart Grid Model Site in Challenge Based Learning Course
(2018-07) Kalinga, Ellen A.; Ibwe, Kwame S.; Mvungi, Nerey H.; Tenhunen, Hannu
Smart Grid is a new and growing technology to developing countries. Its implementation and sustainability rely on well trained experts. Sustainability of the smart grid need local experts, hence a project named iGRID: Smart Grid Capacity Development and Enhancement in Tanzania was started. The project is running at the College of Information and Communication Technologies, University of Dar es Salaam. It intends to generate the necessary technical and scientific skills to ensure sustainable implementation of smart grid. iGRID project introduced taught PhD and Masters programs focusing on society, innovation and entrepreneurship in iGRID aspects, as well as to facilitate implementation of automation of monitoring, evaluation, analysis, control and management of electrical power system (smart grid) in order to improve delivery efficiency and to optimize operational costs in the electrical power system in Tanzania. The project made use of Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) methodology to engage students to work together with stakeholders in identifying challenges facing electrical power system in Tanzania. This paper presents the experience of using CBL methodology to achieve active learning to engineering students. The dynamicity of the teaching model, allowed students to acquire skills necessary to solve medium to high tech complex problems. The results build a continuous learning platform for students researching in electrical field. Keywords: Active Learning, Smart Grid, Challenge-Based Learning, Tanzania.
Adaptive Charbonnier superresolution method with robust edge preservation capabilities
(Journal of Electronic Imaging, 2013-12-16) Maiseli, Baraka J.; Liu, Qiang; Elisha, Ogada Achieng; Gao, Huijun
Superresolution (SR) is known to be an ill-posed inverse problem, which may be solved using some regularization techniques. We have proposed an adaptive regularization method, based on a Charbonnier nonlinear diffusion model to solve an SR problem. The proposed model is flexible because of its automatic capability to reap the strengths of either linear isotropic diffusion, Charbonnier model, or semi-Charbonnier model, depending on the local features of the image. On the contrary, the models proposed from other research works are fixed and hence less feature dependent. This makes such models insensitive to local structures of the images, thereby producing poor reconstruction results. Empirical results obtained from experiments, and presented here, show that the proposed method produces superresolved images which are more natural and contain well-preserved and clearly distinguishable image structures, such as edges. In comparison with other methods, the proposed method demonstrates higher performance in terms of the quality of images it generates.
Adaptive Charbonnier Superresolution Method with Robust Edge Preservation Capabilities
(International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2013) Maiseli, Baraka J.; Liu, Qiang; Elisha, Ogada Achieng; Gao, Huijun
Superresolution (SR) is known to be an ill-posed inverse problem, which may be solved using some regularization techniques. We have proposed an adaptive regularization method, based on a Charbonnier nonlinear diffusion model to solve an SR problem. The proposed model is flexible because of its automatic capability to reap the strengths of either linear isotropic diffusion, Charbonnier model, or semi-Charbonnier model, depending on the local features of the image. On the contrary, the models proposed from other research works are fixed and hence less feature dependent. This makes such models insensitive to local structures of the images, thereby producing poor reconstruction results. Empirical results obtained from experiments, and presented here, show that the proposed method produces superresolved images which are more natural and contain well-preserved and clearly distinguishable image structures, such as edges. In comparison with other methods, the proposed method demonstrates higher performance in terms of the quality of images it generates
Adopting Renewable Energy in Tanzania: Opportunities and Challenges
(IFIP-WG8.9 Enterprise Information Systems, 2017-10-19) Shililiandumi, Naiman; Rwegasira, Diana; Kalinga, Ellen; Kondoro, Aron; Dhaou, Imed Ben; Kwame, Ibwe; Kelati, Amleset; Mvungi, Nerey H.; Tenhunen, Hannu
Abstract: Solar energy is one of the sources of power that is obtained in a natural way. Many countries, especially developing countries are making use of the renewable energy for the benefit of their communities, however, the issue of counting the benefit of using solar energy, mainly on cost bases remained undefined to many users/consumers at their premises. In this paper, the research on how thermal solar power can effectively be used in the house to minimize the cost, its requirements and the payback money upon investing on solar power is being addressed. The scenario was based on comparing the cost spends by the residential house with thermal solar power and another house without thermal solar power. The analysis shows that the electric energy saving per year when using solar power is about 51.52% for houses and flats, with payback for the investment cost within 3-4 years. The paper also discussed the building blocks for low-cost ICT infrastructures to deploy solar technologies.
Adoption of Free Open Source Geographic Information System Solution for Health Sector in Zanzibar Tanzania
(JHIDC, 2014) Bakar, Abubakar D.; Kimaro, Honest C.; Sultan, Abu Bakar; Hamiar, Sleiman
The study aims at developing in-depth understanding on how Open Source Geographic Information System technology is used to provide solutions for data visualization in the health sector of Zanzibar, Tanzania. The study focuses on implementing the health visualization solutions for the purpose of bridging the gap during the transition period from proprietary software to the Free Open-Source Software using Key Indicator Data System. The developed tool facilitates data integration between the two District Health Information Software versions and hence served as a gateway solution during the transition process. Implementation challenges that include outdated spatial data and the reluctance of the key users in coping with the new Geographical Information System technologies were also identified. Participatory action research and interviews were used in understanding the requirements for the new tool to facilitate the smooth system development for better health service delivery.
Algorithm for License Plate Localization and Recognition for Tanzania Car Plate Numbers
(International Journal of Science and Research, 2013-05) Bulugu, Isack
In this paper, License plate localization and recognition (LPLR) is presented. It uses image processing and character recognition technology in order to identify the license number plates of the vehicles automatically. This system is considerable interest because of its good application in traffic monitoring systems, surveillance devices and all kind of intelligent transport system. The objective of this work is to design algorithm for License Plate Localization and Recognition (LPLR) of Tanzanian License Plates. The plate numbers used are standard ones with black and yellow or black and white colors. Also, the letters and numbers are placed in the same row (identical vertical levels), resulting in frequent changes in the horizontal intensity. Due to that, the horizontal changes of the intensity have been easily detected, since the rows that contain the number plates are expected to exhibit many sharp variations. Hence, the edge finding method is exploited to find the location of the plate. To increase readability of the plate number, part of the image was enhanced, noise removal and smoothing median filter is used due to easy development. The algorithm described in this paper is implemented using MATLAB 7.11.0(R2010b).
Analutical Modeling of a Large Local Area Network – Part I: Internet raffic Characterization
(College of Engineering and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, 2008-07) Luhanga, Matthew L.; Cuthbert E.B.M., Amos,
The goal of both IP network operators and the end users is to get the highest performance from the system for a given cost. This makes Performance a key criterion in the design, procurement, and use of computer and communication systems. In order to address problems associated with performance degradation of operational communications systems, over the last decade, traffic engineering techniques have emerged in an attempt to optimize communication systems' performance and ensure more efficient use of their resources. One of these techniques is analytical modeling.
Analysing the Hindrance to the Use of Information and Technology for Improving Efficiency of Health Care Delivery System in Tanzania
(2005-09) Kimaro, Honest C.; Twaakyondo, Hashim M.
Information Technologies (IT) have been described as offering tremendous opportunity to improve health services as well as in meeting broader developmental goals which have an impact on health. Through the use of IT, healthcare sectors can potentially plan, monitor and evaluate health services as well as communicate more effectively within and across organizational hierarchies. However, a number of studies suggest several hindrances where the use of IT to bring critical change in the health sector of Tanzania has been problematic. Despite the lack of appropriate use of the existing IT resources in the health sector, donors and government have continued helping the health sector to acquire up-to-date IT resources while however placing little emphasis on long term IT training, data management and effective utilization of information resulting into wasted of such resources hence little improvement in health services delivery. This study is based on the Health Information System Programme (HISP), an action research project aimed at improving health information system in developing countries with the use of IT and information for local action. Under the project, the district health information software which is customizable, open source and freely distributed has been implemented in five pilot districts in Tanzania. The lessons learned from HISP project and other levels of the health sector in general indicate the lack of skills for data interpretation and utilisation, policy guidelines on information and human capacity building as well as a lack of flexible system.
The Analysis of a Transmission System Employing SONET-Like Frames
(Elsevier, 1998) Kundaeli, Herald N.
Frame synchronization systems that employ multiple-code markers have been shown to give better synchronization performance than systems that employ single-code markers. It has been shown, however, that only a few of the codewords in the marker need to be used in order to attain optimum synchronization performance. Among the multiple-code marker systems which have gained wide usage recently is the SONET scheme for information transmissions at high data rates. In this report, a model for the analysis of the synchronization performance of systems which employ SONET-like frames is developed. The model is then applied to the SONET scheme to study how its performance varies with the choice of the parameters in its frame structure.
The Analysis of a Transmission System with a Birth-Death Structured Receiver
(2002) Kundaeli, Herald N.
The Analysis of an Optical Fibre Communication System Using Laser Rate Equations.
(2001) Kundaeli, Herald N.
Fibre dispersion has been the main limitation to high-speed data transmissions employing optical fibres. Various techniques and methods for combating this limitation have therefore been proposed. Such techniques include electrical and optical dispersion compensation, optical and electrical pulse shaping, and modifications of the fibre dispersion profiles. Some of these techniques and methods have resulted into very effective but expensive systems, and it has been difficult to adopt them. Others have resulted into inexpensive systems with moderate performance, and some of these have been adopted. In the present paper, the effect of electrical pulse shaping on dispersion-induced pulse distortion is investigated by computer simulation techniques. The results show that the detrimental effects of the dispersion can be greatly reduced without incurring very high costs. Moreover, this method is applicable to systems employing standard optical fibres, the major component in the already installed systems.
Analysis of MS Power Saving Scheme to BS with Finite Buffer in IEEE 802.16e Network
(IEEE, 2011) Mushi, Joseph C.; Tan, Guan Z.; Cheruiyot, Wilson; Musau, Felix
This paper analyzes effects of power saving of mobile station (MS) to Base Station with finite buffer in IEEE802.16e class type I network. IEEE802.16e standard accept MS to switch to sleep-mode to minimize power when MS processing load is reduced. However, when packets destined to MS appear into BS buffer, they should be stored until end of MS sleep window. Although the sleep-mode designed in effort to conserve environment but it risks loss of packets once BS buffer overloaded with accumulated packets. This paper designs numerical analytic model to measure risk of packet drop. Through asymptotic analysis the effect of packets destined to sleeping MS into BS finite buffer is measured and analysed.
Analysis of Powerline Channel Model for Communication from Primary Substation Node to End-Users
(Winter-Spring, 2004) Anatory, Justinian; Mvungi, Nerey H.; Kissaka, Mussa;
Abstract—The low voltage power networks in developing countries like Tanzania are designed without taking into consideration their application in data communication. In order to use them for data communication, powerline channel models have been developed and analysed in order to understand the factors that will affect the transmission. In this paper transfer characteristics of powerline channel from power users to primary substation have been modeled and analyzed. Simulation results show that the signal in PLC environment attenuates more with interconnections, which needs to be amplified/regenerated within a few meters.
ANALYSIS OF THE ACCEPTANCE PROCESS OF DISTRICT HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS (DHIS) FOR VERTICAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES
(Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 2015) Kiwanuka, Achilles; Kimaro, Honest C.; Senyoni, Wilfred
District Health Information System (DHIS) is used in many parts of the world to report aggregated data at the district level. Tanzania is one of the countries where the ministry of health endorsed DHIS for such use. Although the system has been rolled out recently throughout the country, Vertical Health Programmes (VHPs) are on their way to fully adopting the system. The objective of this study was to analyse the acceptance process of DHIS by three VHPs so as to examine the facilitating conditions and the challenges that they face. Data was collected through interviews, document review and observation. Analysis of the data showed the facilitating conditions to be having a consensus on which VHP indicators to include in the DHIS, existence of infrastructure including the routine Health Information System (HIS), and support from development partners. Challenges of acceptance process of DHIS include inadequate human resource for HIS, data quality and information flow issues, and existence of separate monitoring and evaluation systems for the VHPs. The study recommends integration or interoperation of DHIS with VHP systems, creating a pool of resources for HIS, training and motivating human resource for HIS.
Analysis of the Architecture and MAC Protocol for Power-line Networks
(2003) Iddi, Hashim U.; Kissaka, Mussa; Mvungi, Nerey H.
The Analysis Results of Lightning Overvoltages By Atp-Emtp for Lightning Protection Design of A Telephone Line
(IEEE, 2007-11) Damas, Jacqueline; Mvungi, Nerey H.
Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA) have been used for telecommunication and power lines transient protection. MOSA has dynamic characteristics that are significant for overvoltages coordination studies regarding fast front surges. Several models with acceptable accuracy have been proposed to study the frequency-dependent behaviour of MOSA. These models differ in calculation and adjustment of the model parameters, some models needs iterative procedure and other models the necessary data are not reported in the manufacturers’ data sheets. A simplified model by Pinceti has been used to study protection of overhead transmission line against direct lightning strike. In this paper, simulations have been performed using the Alternative Transients Program version of Electromagnetic Transient Program (ATP-EMTP) and the results were compared with the ones of manufacturer’s data sheet and found to be satisfactory. Pinceti model has a small relative error of 2.26% for fast transient surge (1/2μs) and of 1.05% for slow transient lightning surge (8/20μs) respectively when compared our results with the results from manufacturers’ data sheet. The simulations were performed for a 3kV TRANQUELL MOSA and its effective protection when applied to the end of 1km line and lightning strike of 0.11/20μs a typical subsequent return stroke current was injected at the middle of the line. It has been observed that, the significant dynamic characteristics of MOSA are that the peak of the voltage wave occurs before the peak of the current wave and that the residual voltage across the MOSA increases as the time to crest of the MOSA discharge current decreases.

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