Department of Accounting

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    Foreign currency flow statement: A Warranted Inclusion in Corporate Annual Reports
    (African Journal of Finance and Management, 1994) Assad, Mussa Juma
    Ability of a country to generate foreign currency is a key aspect of economic health. Yet, contents of individual economic entities' financial reports in this country do not reflect information on such an important variable. The general body of users of financial reports’ information stand to benefit severally by inclusion of such information. However, outside corporate annual reports they would not have alternative information sources. Therefore, an argument is put forward for appending a foreign currency flow statement in published financial reports. Cost of providing that additional information is justified by the benefits accruing to users as a result of disclosure. However, in order for such disclosure to yield intended results it must be comprehensively required from entities transacting in foreign currency. Also, it must incorporate the qualitative characteristics of good accounting information.
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    Introductory Financial Accounting
    (Dar es Salaam University Press, 1994) Bautista, Imelda V.; Assad, Mussa Juma
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    Gender in Accountancy : Exploratory Research Issues
    (African Journal of Finance and Management, 1995) Assad, Mussa Juma
    Gender is an important variable in explaining experiences of human beings in all aspects of life; in word and outside work. Accountancy is one of the disciplines which were male dominated for a long while. But, compared to other professions, in this decade, more women are entering accountancy. However, they are still found in the lower levels of the professional continuum. Tanzania has few qualified women accountants and those attempting professional examinations are a small percentage of the total candidature. Indications show that their performance in examinations is not comparable to that of their male colleagues. There are a number of issues that demand an understanding. Yet there is very little information available. This discussion suggests some pertinent issues to explore. Results of research will be of benefit to individual career planning, employers in policy making and broadly to the society
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    Success Related Attributes in Tertiary Training Institutions in Tanzania
    (Papers in Education and Development, 1997) Assad, Mussa Juma; Olomi, Donath
    The Government of Tanzania has made a major commitment to expand higher education since independence. Although there is still a growing demand for higher education, resource utilization and quality in institutions of higher learning have generally deteriorated Privately managed education institutions are few but increasing as field has been historically dominated by government and parastatal institutions. Tanzania’s future policy on education and training is moving away from government managed educational institutions to concentrate on the creation of an enabling environment for private sector to participate in provision and management of education. It would eventually disengage itself from direct management and operation of “non-core” activities, including the running of training institutions.
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    Information needs of Lending and Financing Institutions in Tanzania: an exploratory study
    (African Journal of Finance and Management, 1997) Kitindi, Ernest G.
    Investors and bankers use information from financial statements. Financial information enables them to make sound investment decisions and to assess investment opportunities. Studies involving investors and investment analysts conducted in the developed economies of Europe and the USA, among others, sought to determine the type of information sought by those investor The studies also sought to determine the extent to which financial statements were used, or relied on. This study sought to identify the information needs of /ending and financing institutions in Tanzania by determining the type of information they sought, and its use by these institutions, as well as the importance attached to the various components of the corporate annual report. The results obtained suggest that these institutions seek information on future prospects of enterprises, and the most recent financial statements are considered important in evaluating current and potent!a investment opportunities. Further, the balance sheet and the Statement of Source and Application of Funds are regarded the most highly compared to the Income Statement and parts of the corporaterate annual report.
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    Organisational Research Paradigms and Implications for Accounting Studies
    (Business Management Review, 1998) Assad, Mussa Juma
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    The irrelevance of Financial Statements from Parastatals in Tanzania
    (African Journal of Finance and Management, 1999) Kitindi, Ernest G.
    The use of financial statement information has been well documented. It is expected to facilitate decision making pertinent to the user. However, financial statement information is useful only ifir is available on time. This study sought to establish whether financial statement from Tanzania parastatals were availed on time, and if nor, whether the delay was significant. Using the Normal Approximation Rule to rest for significance in mean time difference, it was found that parastatals delayed in releasing financial statements. The difference in mean time for their release was found to be significant at the 1 percent significance level. It is thus concluded that informacion provided by financial statements from Tanzanian parastatals was no longer relevant at the time it was available. Decisions made on the basis of that information, it is argued, were misguided.
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    The Small and Micro Enteprise Audit in Tanzania:is it Worth the Effort?Evidence from an Exploratory Study
    (African Journal of Finance and Management, 2000) Kitindi, Ernest G.
    The audit of small and micro-enterprises has, for a long time, been of concern to many academics and practitioners alike. Arguments have abounded as to whether the small enterprise audit was worthwhile or not. Though both views existed, it was apparent that small enterprise auditors did face problems in the small audit, albeit in different forms and magnitude. Some countries allow small enterprises to go unaudited. In the UK, a financial reporting standard for smaller entities has been promulgated in an attempt to mitigate some of the problems. This paper presents findings of an exploratory study conducted in Tanzania in relation to problem met by small and micro-enterprise auditors. The study was motivated by the fact that, whereas elsewhere the small audir problem is apparent and being dealt with in variow ways, in Tanzania there is an apparent lack of knowledge to any problems and their effect on the auditor's work. The study thus sought, inter alia, to confirm the existence of small audit problems, the nature of their incidence, and their impact on the audit work. This was done by soliciting responses to a number of potential audit problems. The results suggest that most of the problems investigated did not occur frequently although some were significant to the auditor's work. A tentative conclusion is that, though small enterprises in Tanzania have similar characteristics to those elsewhere, the incidence of SME audit problems is perceived differently in the country.
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    The Timeliness of the Botswana Parastatal Annual Reports:1994-1998
    (African Journal of Finance and Management, 2000) Iwisi, Dominick S.; Kitindi, Ernest G.
    The corporate annual report is commonly used by business entities ro convey information ro interested persons. An important component of the report are the financial statements and the auditors report. Since rhe report is a primary source of'informarion for shareholders, iris desirable rhar this information is provided on a timely basis. The report should also be of a quality, desirable for meaningful decisions ro be made. This study investigated the time it took parastatals in Botswana to have the annual report available. It also embarked on establishing the quality of the accounts, as indicated by the auditor's opinion report. The results suggest that on average, the Botswana parastatal required 5.35 months to avail the report. This compares unfavourably to other developed countries. However, compared ro some other developing countries, rhe results for Botswana parasrarals are impressive
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    Small and Medium Scale Enterprises and the Economy
    (2002) Matambalya, Francis A. S. T.; Assad, Mussa Juma
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    Enhancing Africa's Competitiveness Through Small and Medium Scale Entreprises
    (Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, 2002) Matambalya, Francis A. S. T.; Assad, Mussa Juma
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    Accounting and navigating legitimacy in Tanzanian NGOs
    (Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2004) Goddard, Andrew; Assad, Mussa Juma
    This paper investigates the phenomenon of accounting in non-governmental organisations (NGOs). It seeks to understand accounting processes and reporting practices in NGOs and the conditions that sustain those processes and practices. NGOs have become important institutions in world affairs but accounting research has not developed significant interest in their operations. Premised on an interpretive theoretical orientation this research executes a grounded theory strategy as the principal line of inquiry (Strauss and Corbin, 1990; 1998). Fieldwork was undertaken in three Tanzanian NGOs. The research established the importance of accounting in the process of avigating organisational legitimacy. This was achieved due to its important role in symbolising organisational competence. When accounting was perceived to be adequate, organisational legitimacy was enhanced. Two principal strategies were employed by organisations in navigating legitimacy - building credibility and bargaining for change. Although accounting emerged as predominant in the process of navigating legitimacy, its importance was symbolic rather than functional. Indeed accounting had little relevance to the internal management of the organisations.
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    Accounting Ethics: A Study of Professional independence Status of Accounting Firms in Botswana
    (2004-09) Kitindi, Ernest G.
    The purpose of this study was to determine if auditing firms in Botswana have begun to provide services beyond traditional auditing. It also sought to establish whether income from such services was significant compared to income from auditing, and whether audit firms in Botswana have in place mechanisms to assure quality audit work. In view of these, an attempt was made to establish the professional independence status of Botswana public auditors.Data for the study was collected from thirteen audit firms on the basis of the register of auditors maintained by the Botswana Institute of Accountants. The results showed that audit firms in Botswana provided other services beyond the traditional audit work. The collective income obtained from these other services exceeded that generated by professional audit work. We also found that audit firms had some mechanisms in place to ensure quality audit work. However, most of the audited companies did not use audit committees and the audit firms did not recommend their use. The evidence was not sufficient to explicitly judge independence, but the results suggested that perceived auditor independence could be affected.
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    Gender Inequality in The Information Systems Workforce: Challenges And Implications for Management In Botswana
    (2004-12) Mgaya, Klodwig V.; Shemi, Alice; Kitindi, Ernest G.
    This paper reports on a research that examined the types of gender-based inequalities of information systems (IS) personnel in Botswana. Questionnaires were distributed to 243 IS employees in 48 organisations in Botswana who are employed at levels of computer programmer and above. One hundred and four questionnaires were completed and returned. The results show that the percentage of female employees in IS is smaller compared to the national average of women employees. Female employees also think that they are not fairly treated in promotions and that their employers do not value their contributions. Female employees are also unhappy with many other issues about their career and the percentage of those who might quit their jobs at the earliest opportunity is higher than that of male employees. Challenges and implications for management are also discussed.
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    Accounting and navigating legitimacy in NGO's
    (2005) Assad, Mussa Juma; Goddard, Andrew
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    Essential Skills for Accounting Graduates: The Accounting Practitioner's Perspective
    (African Journal of Finance and Management, 2006) Kitindi, Ernest G.; Mgaya, Klodwig V.
    This study was undertaken to collect the views of practicing accountants in Botswana on a number of skills considered essential for any graduate in Accounting. Questionnaires were delivered to 250 accountants employed by various organisations in the country. Responses were received from 69 practicing accountants. These accountants were of the view that Accounting lecturers tend to be out oftouch with market and competitive expectations because they are isolated from business professionals. Of the essential skills expected for accounting graduates, financial accounting was found to be the most critical technical skill, knowledge of Accounting packages and spreadsheet software were the most critical IT skills, and analytica1Jcritical thinking was found to be the most critical vocational skill. The study concludes that tertiary institutions should try to design their curricula to ensure that their accounting graduates possess the essential skills expected in the Botswana market.