Institute of Resource Assessment

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Adaptation to Climate Change - Induced Malaria and Cholera in the Lake Victoria Region
(2007) Yanda, Pius Z.; Wandiga, Shem O.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Opondo, Maggie; Olago, Daniel; Githeko, Andrew; Githui, Faith; Marshall, Michael; Downs, Tim; Opere, A.; Kirumira, Edward; Kathuri, James; Apindi, Eugene; Olaka, Lydia; Olago, L.; Mugambi, Paul; Sigalla, Rehema; Kambuli, R.; Nanyunja, Robinah; Baguma, Timothy; Achola, Pius
Adaptation to Climate Change/VariabilityInduced Highland Malaria and Cholera in the Lake Victoria Region
(AIACC, 2006) Yanda, Pius Z.; Wandiga, Shem O.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Opondo, Maggie; Olago, Dan; Githeko, Andrew; Downs, Tim; Kabumbuli, Robert; Opere, A.; Githui, Faith; Kathuri, James; Olaka, Lydia; Apindi, Eugene; Marshall, Michael; Ogallo, L.; Mugambi, Paul; Kirumira, Edward; Nanyunja, Robinah; Baguma, Timothy; Sigalla, Rehema; Achola, Pius
Global climate change and its interactive components, such as water availability, related vulnerability of natural and socio-economic systems and health, changes in land use, as well as availability, quality, quantity of water and related policies, affects human wellbeing. The apparent correlation between disease outbreaks, such as malaria, cholera, rift valley fever, and meningitis—all of which are sensitive to climate variability (McCarthy et al., 2001)—and the strong El Niño years, e.g., 1982–1983 and the 1997–1998 events indicates a causal link between climate and health. Integrated climate-disease models show that rates of infections can be affected by climatic anomalies.
Adapting to Climate Change in Africa
(2011) Gwary, D.; Nogoye, T.; Ngana, J. O.; Zakieldeen, S. A.; Yanda, Pius Z.; Ojjo-Massawa, E.; Githeko, Andrew; Ruppel, Olivier; Ngana, T.; Francis, Julius
Adapting to Climate Change in Africa:Opportunities for Africa to Participate and Benefit from Investment in Adaptation for Sustainable Development.
(2011) Ojjo-Massawa, E.; Balgis, O.; Githeko, Andrew; Ruppel, O.; Yanda, Pius Z.; Njenga, C.
The Administration of the EIA Process in Tanzania: Lessons for Practice
(2002) Sosovele, Hussein
This article looks at the administration of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process in Tanzania. It focuses on the actual administration of EIA process on the ground. Although EIA is being accepted, clear guidelines on who and how to manage it are lacking, making the process appear haphazard. The article argues that the current administration of the EIA process reflects the dilemma the government is facing in choosing between sustainable development and the need to attain fast economic growth. In grappling with this dilemma, the government’s commitment to EIA tends to be limited. This is seen in terms of the extent to which EIA is used to inform decisions about proposed development as well as the slow process to enact Environmental Legislation. This state of affairs has placed the EIA process in an unclear and uncertain situation. The cost of this uncertainty is reflected in the damage to the social and environmental sectors in terms of increased environmental degradation and social problems. The article prescribes urgent concerted efforts to formalize the application of EIA. Despite its critique, the article concludes with few specific examples of initiatives that support EIA in Tanzania.
Africa Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(Cambridge University Press, 2008) Boko, M.; Niang, I.; Nyong, A.; Vogel, A.; Githeko, Andrew; Medany, M.; Osman-Elasha, B.; Tabo, R.; Yanda, Pius Z.
Climate Change 2007 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date scientific assessment of the impacts of climate change, the vulnerability of natural and human environments, and the potential for response through adaptation. The report: • evaluates evidence that recent observed changes in climate have already affected a variety of physical and biological systems and concludes that these effects can be attributed to global warming; • makes a detailed assessment of the impacts of future climate change and sea-level rise on ecosystems, water resources, agriculture and food security, human health, coastal and low-lying regions and industry and settlements; • provides a complete new assessment of the impacts of climate change on major regions of the world (Africa, Asia, Australia/New Zealand, Europe, Latin America, North America, polar regions and small islands); • considers responses through adaptation; • explores the synergies and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation; • evaluates the key vulnerabilities to climate change, and assesses aggregate damage levels and the role of multiple stresses. This latest assessment by the IPCC will form the standard scientific reference for all those concerned with the consequences of climate change, including students and researchers in ecology, biology, hydrology, environmental science, economics, social science, natural resource management, public health, food security and natural hazards, and policymakers and managers in governments, industry and other organisations responsible for resources likely to be affected by climate change
Agricultural Commercialisation and Its Implications on Agrodiversity Management in the Drylands of Central Tanzania
(African Journals Online, 2009) Liwenga, Emma T.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Masao, Catherine A.
The study examines the linkages between agricultural commercialisation and agrodiversity management. It considers agricultural commercialisation an important socio-economic aspect with varied environmental implications, particularly in relation to agro-diversity management. The study was undertaken in Kondoa and Kongwa Districts, in the semiarid central Tanzania. The aim of this study was to examine the implications of agricultural commercialization on agro-diversity management, food security and the environment in general. A variety of methods were used in the study including participatory assessments techniques, field visits and household surveys. Household data was analysed using SPSS. The findings from this study indicate that for decades agricultural production in the semiarid areas of central Tanzania has been centred on production of a diverse number of crops though concentrated on sorghum and millets as the most drought tolerant grain crops. However, from the mid-1980s the balance has shifted in favour of cereal crops like maize, which has become among the major cash-earning crop. Other prominent commercial crops included pigeon peas, sunflower and simsim. Commercial crops appear to be expanding at the expense of traditional drought tolerant crops such as bulrush millet and sorghum, thereby influencing the local agro-diversity. The abandonment of some crops e.g. castor oil plants in favour of market crops also appear to affect the agrobiodiversity in the study areas. It has been found that expansion of farms is a major factor for environmental degradation through deforestation, declining soil fertility due to continuous cultivation and emergence of noxious weeds such as Striga. On the other hand agricultural commercialization appears to have been associated with improvement in food security, household income, housing conditions and education for children. However the emphasis of the less drought tolerant crops like maize in these semiarid areas makes the sustainability of the agricultural system very uncertain
Agricultural commercialization and the natural resource base in central Tanzania
(Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam, 2009) Liwenga, Emma T.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.
An Analysis of Land Use Dynamics and Land Degradation Process In the Great Rift Valley, Central Tanzania
(OSSREA, 2005) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Majule, Amos; Shishira, E.K
This study investigates land-use dynamics, agricultural development and constraints, land degradation, and the socio-economic and environmental effects of agricultural processes in central Tanzania. It shows there have been both spatial and temporal changes in land-use patterns in the area. The intensity of agriculture has increased; however environmental concerns are arising, including deforestation and soil erosion. The study concludes that to sustain the livelihoods of the people in the area whilst at the same time maintaining the existing dynamics, there is a need for an integrated approach to managing the available and varied resources, as well as measures to ensure environmentally sound agricultural practices.
Analysis of Round Potato Marketing in Tanzania
(Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA, 2012-12) Nyunza, Godfrey; Mwakaje, Agnes G.
Round potato is one of the most traded food commodities around the world yet; producers in developing countries have remained poor. The objective of this study was to find out the relative benefits obtained by players in the potato marketing chain in Tanzania with the focus of Rungwe District and investigate factors that affect the crop profitability. A sample of 120 farmers was selected randomly for interviews. There was also a discussion with focus groups and key informants. Findings showed that farmers earned only 8% of the total gross margin (GM) compared to 30.9% for the wholesalers. Through regression analysis it was revealed that selling volumes (p<0.0.05) and selling price (p< 0.01) had significant impact on the crop profitability. Although education and land size were not significant, they had positive relationship with GM. Farmers' GM could be enhanced through improved education, productivity, bargaining power and access to market information.
Assessing the Contribution of Environmental Impact Assessments in Informing Decision Makers Concerning the Booming of FDI in Tanzania
(2013-11-04) Mwakaje, Agnes G.
Tanzania has become one of the best choices for foreign direct investment (FDI) in East Africa and sub-Saharan Africa in general. The country has been pulling in an average of US$627 million a year and it is one of the continent's top foreign direct investment (FDI) performers. In 2011, the FDI value in the country reached $1,095,401,000.00 and the trend has been increasing. The booming of FDI is believed to have created jobs, increased incomes and contributed significantly to the national economy. Despite that, a large number of ordinary citizens have indicated dissatisfaction with this boom in FDI, which has caused a lot of conflict between investors and the surrounding communities where projects are taking place. In addition, environmental pollution has been observed in connection with a number of new investments. This paper assesses the contribution of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in informing the policy and decision-making process with regard to the boom in FDI in the country. The main focus of the study was to investigate the quality of the EIA undertaken and the extent to which they have influenced decision making with regard to the investments in Tanzania. This was done by reviewing EIA reports and having consultations with developers and regulatory authorities. The main findings are that, despite the existence of EIA for almost all development projects in the country, few of the mitigation measures proposed in the EIA reports are implemented by the developers. The study also revealed a number of EIA reports which were weak in terms of informing decision and policy makers to ensure that FDI would result in a win-win outcome. In addition, the enforcement and monitoring of environmental management plans by the authorities responsible was weak, partly due to inadequate resources.
Assessing the Cost of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation by Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania: The Case of Kasulu District
(2013) Mwakaje, Agnes G.; Yanda, Pius Z.; Mung’ong’o, C. G.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.
The impact of climate change on smallholder agriculture has led to different strategies of adaptation and mitigation intending to reduce the risks and GHG emissions. But what is the adaptation and mitigation practices taking place and what are the cost implications for smallholder farmers in poor countries? This study is an attempt to fill this gap. A total of 142 farmers were selected randomly in the two villages of Kasulu District. There was also a consultation with focus groups and key informants. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The findings revealed different strategies for adapting to climate change impacts by smallholder farmers such as planting drought and disease-resistant crops, the application of fertilizers/pesticides, mulching and irrigation. As regards mitigation, the farmers were sensitized to avoid deforestation and farming on river banks and catchment areas and to plant trees. Nevertheless, the cost of undertaking these activities was found to be high and poor farmers were incurring more costs than benefits. For successful and cost-effective adaptation and mitigation efforts by poor smallholder farmers there should be capacity building and supportive policies. These may include access to credit, timely and accurate climate information, improved infrastructure, environmental education and access to extension services.
Assessing the Cost of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation by Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania: the Case of Kasulu District.
(2013) Mwakaje, Agnes G.; Yanda, Pius Z.; Mung'ong'o, Claude G.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.
The impact of climate change on smallholder agriculture has led to different strategies of adaptation and mitigation intending to reduce the risks and GHG emissions. But what is the adaptation and mitigation practices taking place and what are the cost implications for smallholder farmers in poor countries? This study is an attempt to fill this gap. A total of 142 farmers were selected randomly in the two villages of Kasulu District. There was also a consultation with focus groups and key informants. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The findings revealed different strategies for adapting to climate change impacts by smallholder farmers such as planting drought and disease-resistant crops, the application of fertilizers/pesticides, mulching and irrigation. As regards mitigation, the farmers were sensitized to avoid deforestation and farming on river banks and catchment areas and to plant trees. Nevertheless, the cost of undertaking these activities was found to be high and poor farmers were incurring more costs than benefits. For successful and cost-effective adaptation and mitigation efforts by poor smallholder farmers there should be capacity building and supportive policies. These may include access to credit, timely and accurate climate information, improved infrastructure, environmental education and access to extension services.
Assessing the Implication of Liquid Bioenergy Production from Food Crops on Food Security in Tanzania
(e International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE), 2013) Mwakaje, Agnes G.
Tanzania is in the process of promoting the production of liquid bioenergy from non-staple food crops. According to the government, this would give the country a unique opportunity to address both food and energy security. However, there is a concern that using food crops to produce bioenergy could jeopardize food security in the country. This study puts forward these opposing arguments based on the literature review and field research. A total of 100 respondents were selected randomly for interviews in Dodoma Region, Tanzania. The key question to address was whether producing liquid bioenergy from food crops will enhance or jeopardise food security in the country. Findings from the literature review are inconclusive while the field results show that 80% of the respondents indicated dissatisfaction with the policy proposal with reasons that it could lead to allocating all productive land to bioenergy production, the lack of money to purchase food, poor market infrastructure and the temptation to sell all food for bioenergy. To achieve a win-win situation, the government should undertake zoning for bioenergy and food production areas and enhance agricultural productivity. The policy also should emphasize local processing of liquid bioenergy for value addition, employment and rural development.
Assessment of Difusion of Best Environmental Management Practices in Tanzania
(2011) Tumbo, Madaka; Chacha, Nyangi
This study evaluated the extent of diffusion of best management practices (BMP) in some chemical industries in Dar es Salaam. The data were collected from ten (10) different chemical industries through structured questionnaires and observations. The data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5. The Chi-square (χ 2 ) test at the 5% level of significance was frequently used to test the homogeneity or the significance of respondents (general managers, production managers and laboratory technicians) against several environmental aspects (variables). The findings indicate that most of the industrial staff are not aware of best management practices and the level of awareness did not differ (P>0.05) among respondents. Lack of information regarding BMP, inadequacy of pollution management training and lack of corporate environmental policy (CEP) were considered to be the major factors which contribute to low level of awareness among industrial employees. The study found further that lack of expertise hindered the formulation of CEP, implementation of cleaner production technologies and certification to ISO 14001. In order to comply with pollution prevention and control strategies, the study proposes and recommends the adoption of a BMP procedural model. This model includes strategies, practices and efforts that are intended to reduce environmental pollution (environmental best management practices) resulting from chemical industrial activities.
Assessment of Environmental Conservation and Implications on Poverty Alleviation in the Semiarid Central Tanzania
(2005) Liwenga, Emma T.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.
Assessment of National Natural Resources Policies Implementation in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania
(International knowledge Sharing Platform, 2015) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Tilumanywa, Verdiana T.; Tungaraza, Felician S. K.; Mlele, Martin; Naimani, Godwin
The Kilimanjaro landscape provides a range of ecosystem services such as water, local climate modification, tourism and support of local livelihoods. Land degradation has, however, seriously threatened the landscape ability in providing these services, leading to decreased land productivity This paper is based on a study conducted in Kilimanjaro region to provide an understanding of how effectively natural resources-related policies are implemented by land users, and how they practically guide sustainable land management. Data collection involved interviews with purposively selected progressive farmers using a structured questionnaire, in- depth interviews with key informants, mainly district officials, NGOs and CBOs representatives and focus group discussions, as well as review of relevant literature. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS, while qualitative data were triangulated using content analysis. Findings indicated that there are several policies related to natural resource management that are both cross-cutting and cross-sectoral in nature. While majority of respondents were aware of the various policies, male respondents were more aware than females, influenced by customary male dominance in natural resource issues. The policies are implemented at various levels, taking different forms and involve various stakeholders, including individuals, groups, NGOs, CBOs and public institutions. Generally, communities are actively participating in SLM activities though influenced by several pull and push factors in policy implementation in the area. The paper argues that for effective implementation of the natural resources policies there is a need to review and harmonise the sectoral policies with changing internal and external conditions such as economic transformation, globalization and climate change.
Assessment of the extent to which productive sector policies mainstream sustainable land management principles.
(International knowledge Sharing Platform, 2015) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Tilumanywa, Verdiana T.; Tungaraza, Felician S. K.; Mlele, Martin; Naimani, Godwin
This paper provides an assessment of the extent to which productive sector policies mainstream sustainable land management (SLM) principles and suggests how mainstreaming of these principles could be strengthened and be more effective in Kilimanjaro region. Primary data was collected using qualitative methods including in-depth interviews with key informants and focus group discussions. Key informants included government officials, SLM project staff, NGOs and representatives of communities. Secondary data was gathered from review of relevant literature including government policies, strategies, project documents and other research materials. The data collected were analysed using content analysis and synthesised to determine the extent to which the productive sector policies mainstream sustainable land management principles. Findings indicate that several relevant NRM sectors have mainstreamed SLM principles, namely improved land productivity, improved livelihood and improved ecosystems. The degree to which these policies have mainstreamed SLM principles vary from adequately, moderately, and slightly. Despite the reported degree of mainstreaming the SLM principles in sector polices several challenges undermine the process, including land scarcity, land tenure, inadequate enforcement of policies, land use conflicts, human and financial resources constraints, and climate change. Various stakeholders are involved in SLM initiatives, ranging from local communities to international organisations. The diversity of stakeholders requires well coordinated efforts so as to maximise synergies and complementarities between the various actors. Also more effort has to be done at policy level to ensure that all sector policies adequately address sustainability in natural resources management to ensure that land productivity, livelihoods and ecosystems are improved.
Beach Management Units in Lake Victoria
(LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011-06-02) Nyega, Nyangubho; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Kiwasila, H. L.
The fisheries resources in Lake Victoria are facing the challenges of poor management, which threaten their sustainability due to the use of destructive fishing gears such as dynamite, beach pollution, poison and small fishnets. Such situation has necessitated the use of alternative management approaches like Beach Management Units (BMUs), which promote more community involvement in the fisheries resources management. The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of BMUs strategy for managing the Lake Victoria fisheries resources. The emphasis was on how BMUs have managed to facilitate effective management of the lake environment. Findings from the study show that BMUs in the Lake Victoria basin have succeeded in reducing unsustainable practices and ensuring sustainable management of the fisheries resources. However, they need more moral and material support for enhanced sustainability. Target group include community members and stakeholders such as policy and decision makers, researchers, government and non-governmental institutions involved in the management of fisheries resources in the lake and aquatic environment in general.
Biofuel Development Initiatives in Tanzania: Development Activities, Scales of Production and Conditions for Implementation and Utilization
(Elsevier, 2009-11-06) Martin, Michael; Mwakaje, Agnes G.; Eklund, Mats
In recent years biofuel activities have increased dramatically in Africa. Simultaneously biofuels have become popular for fuel alternatives and criticism in the media. Nonetheless biofuel initiatives are taking place on different scales. A depiction of several of these activities has been produced through descriptions and categorization based on scale, distribution and implementation. These initiatives exist due to a complex interaction of social and technical factors which have influenced their success for being introduced, and continues to influence the scale on which they exist and what will happen to them in the future. Conditions for implementation are furthermore explored regarding legislation, use of biofuels, environmental sustainability and the production of a new energy system in Tanzania.

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