Department of Sociology and Anthropology
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Item Artisanal Fisher Migration Patterns in Coastal East Africa(Elsevier, 2016-01) Wanyonyi, Innocent N.; Wamukota, Andrew; Mesaki, Simeon; Guissamulo, Almeida T.Migration is a feature of most small-scale fisheries across the world and has previously been described inspatial and temporal terms. This study assessed spatial and temporal migration patterns of fishers inKenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique from October 2009 to March 2010 covering important migrant fi shersdestinations on the coast. The concentrations, fishing destinations, routes, frequency as well as sea-sonality of migrant fishers in each of the countries were assessed using 192 surveys at 9 sites and 127semi-structured interviews at 25 sites. Migrations in Kenya and Tanzania were mainly seasonal while inMozambique circular migrations were common and lasted far longer. Fishers from Pemba, Unguja andNampula were the most experienced migrant fishers in terms of the numbers involved and their abilityto migrate to distant destinations. The region is likely to experience increasing influxes of migrant fishersdue to increasing fi sher numbers, fisheries governance, and other factors that provide an environmentconducive to migration. The small scales of operation of the local co-management structures, the lack ofmonitoring ability and the limited knowledge about activities of migrant fishers requires a sharedregional approach in terms of fisheries management with specific attention to issues concerning migrantfishers.Item Artisanal Mining and Poverty Reduction in Tanzania(Elsevier, 2009) Fisher, Eleanor; Mwaipopo, Rosemarie; Mutagwaba, Wilson; Nyange, David; Yaron, GilThis article explores the contribution that artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) makes to poverty reduction in Tanzania, drawing on findings from research on gold and diamond mining in Mwanza Region. The evidence suggests that people working in mining or related services are less likely to be in poverty than those with other occupations. However, the picture is complex; while mining income can help reduce poverty and provide a buffer from livelihood shocks, people's inability, to obtain a formal mineral claim or to effectively exploit their claims, contributes to insecurity. This is reinforced by a context in which ASM is peripheral to large-scale mining interests, is only gradually being addressed within national poverty reduction policies, and is segregated from district-level planning.Item Assessment of the Extent to which Productive Sector Policies Mainstream Sustainable Land Management Principles(2015) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Tilumanywa, Verdiana T.; Tungaraza, Felician S. K.; Mlele, Martin; Naimani, GodwinThis paper provides an assessment of the extent to which productive sector policies mainstream sustainable land management (SLM) principles and suggests how mainstreaming of these principles could be strengthened and be more effective in Kilimanjaro region. Primary data was collected using qualitative methods including in-depth interviews with key informants and focus group discussions. Key informants included government officials, SLM project staff, NGOs and representatives of communities. Secondary data was gathered from review of relevant literature including government policies, strategies, project documents and other research materials. The data collected were analysed using content analysis and synthesised to determine the extent to which the productive sector policies mainstream sustainable land management principles. Findings indicate that several relevant NRM sectors have mainstreamed SLM principles, namely improved land productivity, improved livelihood and improved ecosystems. The degree to which these policies have mainstreamed SLM principles vary from adequately, moderately, and slightly. Despite the reported degree of mainstreaming the SLM principles in sector polices several challenges undermine the process, including land scarcity, land tenure, inadequate enforcement of policies, land use conflicts, human and financial resources constraints, and climate change. Various stakeholders are involved in SLM initiatives, ranging from local communities to international organisations. The diversity of stakeholders requires well coordinated efforts so as to maximise synergies and complementarities between the various actors. Also more effort has to be done at policy level to ensure that all sector policies adequately address sustainability in natural resources management to ensure that land productivity, livelihoods and ecosystems are improved.Item Availability of Antimalarials after the Policy Change from Chloroquine to Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine in Rural Tanzania [MIM-MH-90794](Elsevier, 2005) Hetzel, Manuel W.; Msechu, June J.; Lengeler, Christian; Obrist, Brigit; Goodman, Catherine; Makemba, Ahmed; Mponda, Haji; Sono, K.; Mshinda, HassanItem Being Forced to become your Own Doctor – Men Who Have Sex with Men's Experiences of Stigma in the Tanzanian Healthcare System(Taylor and Francis, 2016) Larsson, Markus; Ross, Michael W.; Månsson, Sven A.; Nyoni, Joyce E.; Shio, Jasmine; Agardh, AnetteObjective: To acquire a deepened understanding of how stigma in healthcare affects health-seeking behaviors of same-sex practising men in Tanzania. Methods: In-depth interviews with 12 men were conducted in Dar es Salaam, 2012. Data were interpreted through qualitative content analysis. Results: Narratives revealed that men's healthcare perceptions were shaped by previous encounters, rumors in gay community, norms, and legislation around homosexuality. Fears of exposure aggravated men's possibilities of giving full anamnesis and detached them from formal healthcare services. Conclusions: Stigma in healthcare might lead to severe public health problems due to perceived exclusion from the health system by sexual minorities.Item Between Condemnation and Resignation: A Study on Attitudes towards Corruption in the Public Health Sector in Tanzania(Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016-08-26) Camargo, Claudia B.; Sambaiga, Richard F.Item The Birth of the “Salon”: Poverty, Modernization and Dealing with Witchcraft in Southern Tanzania(Wiley, 2005) Green, Maia; Mesaki, SimeonIn this article, we explore the social process of modernization through an examination of the transformation in the delivery of antiwitchcraft services that has occurred in southern Tanzania under the pervasive influence of transnational ideoscapes of market liberalization and public-sector reform. We argue that the anthropological association of witchcraft with the modern in Africa overlooks witchcraft's explicitly unmodern associations in popular discourse and state policy. These latter associations contrast with the practice of antiwitchcraft specialists who seek to enable the realization of modernity both through dealing with witchcraft and through the self-conscious adoption of specifically modernizing practices.Item Community's Perceptions and Use of Antimalarial Drugs in the Home Management of Malaria in Rural Tanzania [MIM-JM-10737](Elsevier, 2005) Msechu, June J.; Hetzel, Manuel W.; Obrist, Brigit; Makemba, Ahmed; Lengeler, Christian; Mponda, Haji; Sono, K.; Mshinda, HassanItem Condom Use and HIV-Related Behaviors in Urban Tanzanian Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Study of Beliefs, HIV Knowledge Sources, Partner Interactions and Risk Behaviors(Taylor and Francis, 2013) Nyoni, Joyce E.; Ross, Michael W.Although studies have been conducted in neighboring countries, there are no published data on men who have sex with men (MSM) in mainland Tanzania. We report on a respondent-driven sampling study of 271 MSM in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The sample covered a wide range of educational attainment and employment, median age was 24, and all respondents had heard of HIV/AIDS, mostly through public media. Those satisfied with media information on HIV were younger, had lower education, and had obtained their information from health facilities. Over two-thirds believed that having one faithful partner and using condoms would protect against HIV: nevertheless, more than two-thirds were worried about HIV infection. Two-thirds had had a relationship with a woman, one-third in the past year. Predictors of non-use of condoms for anal sex with last casual partner were younger age, not being worried about HIV infection, and agreeing to have sex even if a condom was refused. There was no significance in proportion using a condom with last casual (43%) and last regular (49%) partner. Most partners (MSM knew a median of 10 other MSM) were met in bars, music halls, and in the home/local environment, and 70% of MSM described their sexual position as “bottom.” Sixty percent reported having an HIV test and the great majority was comfortable discussing condoms with partners and friends: half would refuse to have sex if condoms were not agreed to. These data suggest a significant “gay” community in Dar es Salaam with relatively accurate HIV information but moderate condom use, HIV testing and ability to refuse unsafe sex. There is clearly scope for targeted HIV prevention programs in the MSM community in Tanzania.Item The Creativity of Action: Property, Kin and the Social in African Artisanal Mining(2014) Fisher, Eleanor; Mwaipopo, RosemarieAnalyses of neo-liberal change in African mining tend to frame discussion through the lens of an overarching structural perspective. Far less attention has been paid to the way change is enacted within social relations in mining communities. To this end, our chapter considers how development in the Tanzanian mineral sector transforms people’s relationships and stimulates new iterations of power and agency within local trajectories of development, focusing on the case of artisanal gold mining in Mgusu village in Geita region, Tanzania. The aim is to trace how neo-liberal change configures market rationality and property relations in ways that can fundamentally alter social relationships within the local community, occupational groups and families, raising both opportunities for wealth accumulation and the potential to entrench poverty. The creative action involved in these processes generates new associational ties and repertoires of practice, as miners’ respond to change and the need to protect their livelihoods.Item A Critical Review on the Major Conceptual Strands/debates on the Reduced Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and Improved Social Livelihoods(Macrothink Institute, 2016-03-11) Mukono, Danstan; Sambaiga, Richard F.The problem of climate change has attracted different approaches on how best to tackle it. Equally, at the level of theorization and conceptualization, it has attracted a fierce debate on how to interpret, analyze, and suggest the best approach which seems to improve the social livelihoods of the main actors who directly depends on forest resources. This paper intends albeit in a brief manner to synthesis various theoretical and conceptual issues which explicitly or implicitly inform REDD+ as a new sustainable intervention in conserving forest and improving people’s social livelihoods. At the same time, each approach is critically analyzed to see its strength and weakness in addressing the key issue of improving social livelihood taking into account power dynamics. And lastly, it points out the conceptual framework which at least illuminates the manner in which to apprehend the power dynamics and agency play out in REDD+ interventions.Item Decreased Availability of Antimalarials in the Private Sector Following the Policy Change from Chloroquine to Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania(BioMed Central, 2006) Hetzel, Manuel W.; Msechu, June J.; Goodman, Catherine; Lengeler, Christian; Obrist, Brigit; Kachur, Patrick S.; Makemba, Ahmed; Nathan, Rose; Schulze, Alexander; Mshinda, HassanBackground: Malaria control strategies emphasize the need for prompt and effective treatment of malaria episodes. To increase treatment efficacy, Tanzania changed its first-line treatment from chloroquine to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in 2001. The effect of this policy change on the availability of antimalarials was studied in rural south-eastern Tanzania. Methods: In 2001 and 2004, the study area was searched for commercial outlets selling drugs and their stocks were recorded. Household information was obtained from the local Demographic Surveillance System. Results: From 2001 to 2004, the number of general shops stocking drugs increased by 15% and the number of drug stores nearly doubled. However, the proportion of general shops stocking antimalarials dropped markedly, resulting in an almost 50% decrease of antimalarial selling outlets. This led to more households being located farther from a treatment source. In 2004, five out of 25 studied villages with a total population of 13,506 (18%) had neither a health facility, nor a shop as source of malaria treatment. Conclusion: While the change to SP resulted in a higher treatment efficacy, it also led to a decreased antimalarial availability in the study area. Although there was no apparent impact on overall antimalarial use, the decline in access may have disproportionately affected the poorest and most remote groups. In view of the imminent policy change to artemisinin-based combination therapy these issues need to be addressed urgently if the benefits of this new class of antimalarials are to be extended to the whole population.Item Delivering at Home or in a Health Facility? Health-Seeking Behaviour of Women and the Role of Traditional Birth Attendants in Tanzania(BioMed Central, 2013) Pfeiffer, Constanze; Mwaipopo, RosemarieBackground Traditional birth attendants retain an important role in reproductive and maternal health in Tanzania. The Tanzanian Government promotes TBAs in order to provide maternal and neonatal health counselling and initiating timely referral, however, their role officially does not include delivery attendance. Yet, experience illustrates that most TBAs still often handle complicated deliveries. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to describe (1) women’s health-seeking behaviour and experiences regarding their use of antenatal (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC); (2) their rationale behind the choice of place and delivery; and to learn (3) about the use of traditional practices and resources applied by traditional birth attendants (TBAs) and how they can be linked to the bio-medical health system. Methods Qualitative and quantitative interviews were conducted with over 270 individuals in Masasi District, Mtwara Region and Ilala Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Results The results from the urban site show that significant achievements have been made in terms of promoting pregnancy- and delivery-related services through skilled health workers. Pregnant women have a high level of awareness and clearly prefer to deliver at a health facility. The scenario is different in the rural site (Masasi District), where an adequately trained health workforce and well-equipped health facilities are not yet a reality, resulting in home deliveries with the assistance of either a TBA or a relative. Conclusions Instead of focusing on the traditional sector, it is argued that more attention should be paid towards (1) improving access to as well as strengthening the health system to guarantee delivery by skilled health personnel; and (2) bridging the gaps between communities and the formal health sector through community-based counselling and health education, which is provided by well-trained and supervised village health workers who inform villagers about promotive and preventive health services, including maternal and neonatal health.Item Depression and HIV Risk Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Tanzania(Taylor and Francis, 2016) Ahaneku, Hycienth; Ross, Michael W.; Nyoni, Joyce E.; Selwyn, Beatrice J.; Troisi, Catherine; Mbwambo, Jessie; Adeboye, Adeniyi; Mccurdy, SherylStudies have shown high rates of depression among men who have sex with men (MSM) in developed countries. Studies have also shown association between depression and HIV risk among MSM. However, very little research has been done on depression among African MSM. We assessed depression and HIV risk among a sample of MSM in Tanzania. We reviewed data on 205 MSM who were recruited from two Tanzanian cities using the respondent driven sampling method. Demographic and behavioral data were collected using a structured questionnaire. HIV and sexually transmitted infections data were determined from biological tests. Depression scores were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). For the analysis, depression scores were dichotomized as depressed (PHQ > 4) and not depressed (PHQ ≤ 4). Bivariate and multivariable Poisson regression analyses were conducted to assess factors associated with depression. The prevalence of depression in the sample was 46.3%. The mean (±SD) age of the sample was 25 (±5) years. In bivariate analysis, depression was associated with self-identifying as gay (p = .001), being HIV positive (p < .001: <8% of MSM knew they were HIV infected) and having a high number of sexual partners in the last 6 months (p = .001). Depression was also associated with sexual (p = .007), physical (p = .003) and verbal (p < .001) abuse. In the Poisson regression analysis, depression was associated with verbal abuse (APR = 1.91, CI = 1.30–2.81). Depression rates were high among MSM in Tanzania. It is also associated with abuse, HIV and HIV risk behaviors. Thus, reducing the risk of depression may be helpful in reducing the risk of HIV among MSM in Africa. We recommend the colocation of mental health and HIV preventive services as a cost-effective means of addressing both depression and HIV risk among MSM in Africa.Item Determinants of the Duration of Birth Intervals in Tanzania: Regional Contrasts and Temporal Trends(ICF Macro/USAID, 2013) Sambaiga, Richard F.; Yoder, S.; Lugalla, J. L. P.Item The Development Activities, Values and Performance of Non-Governmental and Faith-Based Organizations in Magu and Newala Districts, Tanzania(2010) Green, Maia; Mercer, Claire; Mesaki, SimeonIn Tanzania, a 'civil society sector' with roles in governance and development is a recent, largely externally-driven phenomenon superimposed on previously existing social and religious organizations. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) are imagined to be 'close to the poor' and therefore better at implementing 'development' activities and playing a role in democratization. This study examined the position and role of religious organizations within a wider range of CSOs at the local level in two rural districts (Magu, prosperous, largely Christian and Newala, remote, poor, largely Muslim), to assess whether faith-based organizations play a significant and distinctive role in development.Item The Distribution and Socio-Economic Aspects of Mangrove Forests in Tanzania(1986) Mainoya, J. R.; Mesaki, Simeon; Banyikwa, Feetham F.Mangrove vegetation is characteristic of sheltered coastlines in the tropics. Mangrove communities are extensive in protected shallow bays and estuaries, around lagoons, and on the leeward side of peninsulas and islands. In Tanzania mangrove forests occur on the sheltered shores of deltas, alongside river estuaries, and in creeks where there is an abundance of fine-grained sediment (silt and clay) in the upper part of the inter-tidal zone.Item Ethnographic Study on Maternal and Neonatal Deaths in Dodoma, Tanzania.(Mkuki na Nyota, 2011) Lugalla, J. L. P.; Nyoni, J.; Sambaiga, Richard F.Item Factors Affecting Sustainability Of Wetland Agriculture Within Lake Victoria Basin In Uganda(2008) Kyarisiima, C. C.; Nalukenge, I.; Kariuki, W.; Mesaki, SimeonIn recent years, the high rate of conversion of wetlands for agriculture has raised environmental concerns in Uganda. A study was therefore conducted to identify issues that need to be addressed if communities are to continue deriving livelihoods from wetland agriculture, without causing stress to the wetlands of Lake Victoria basin. This was done by conducting household surveys and focus group discussions in two of the districts that border Lake Victoria. Wetland agriculture was found to be a significant source of livelihoods for resource poor communities, contributing over 60% of the household income. Farming was mainly done at a subsistence level. The study found that socio economic factors, poor farming practices and weak policies were contributing to the rapid conversion of wetlands. Concerted efforts need to be made by government institutions to sensitize communities on conservation of wetlands. Some of the policies need to be harmonized to avoid contradictions. Alternative sources of livelihoods must be created to ensure socio economic benefits and environmental conservation.Item Factors Associated with HIV Testing In Men Who Have Sex with Men, in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania(2012) Nyoni, Joyce E.; Ross, Michael W.