Department of Political Science and Public Administration

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Browsing Department of Political Science and Public Administration by Title

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    Accountability and Transparency at the Grassroots Level: The Experience of Tanzania
    (2009-11) Mallya, Ernest T.
    It is fashionable today to hear that it is necessary to have good governance as a means to development. Good governance as prescribed by the advocates includes several elements such as rule of law, constitutionalism, the observance of human rights, regular free and fair elections, accountability and transparency, among others. It is believed that the combination of these elements creates a conducive atmosphere for the conduct of government business that is pro-people, and one that is likely to accelerate the development process. Many developing countries are at different stages of trying to have these features in place. Tanzania too is trying. There have been different reform programmes and projects including Local Government Reforms, Public Service Reforms, Financial Sector Reforms as well as Legal Sector Reform. Further there are efforts to make the government more efficient through e-government.
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    African Public Administration: A Reader
    (AAPS Books, 2000) Mukandala, Rwekaza S.
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    Agencies in Foreign Aid
    (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999) Hyden, Goran; Mukandala, Rwekaza S.
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    Aids, Poverty and Representative Democracy in Tanzania
    (2009-01) Mallya, Ernest T.
    The United Republic of Tanzania comprises the Mainland Tanzania (Tanganyika) and Zanzibar. The Mainland attained its independence from Britain under the leadership of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) on 9th December, 1961. In Zanzibar the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) staged a revolution on 12th January, 1964 ousting an Arab-dominated coalition after an election late 1963. A Union between Zanzibar and Tanganyika came into being on 26th April 1964. By the operation of law, TANU was the sole political party on the Mainland from 1965 while ASP remained the only political organization in Zanzibar. On the 5th February, 1977 TANU and ASP merged to form Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) and the two governments came under a single political party, CCM. Constitutionally there have always been two governments: the Union Government and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. The Government of the United Republic has jurisdiction over all Union matters throughout the United Republic and over Non-Union Matters on the Mainland. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) has jurisdiction over all Non-Union matters in Zanzibar.
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    Alternative Livelihood Strategies Among Parastatal Sector Employees in Tanzania
    (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1995) Mukandala, Rwekaza S.
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    Approaches to the Study of African Political Thought
    (Taamuli: A Political Science Forum, 1977) Mukandala, Rwekaza S.
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    Authoritarian Stability Across Space: The Case of Tanzania
    (Springer Link, 2015) Makulilo, Alexander B.
    The end of the Cold War witnessed the proliferation of competitive authoritarian regimes in the third world and more particularly in Africa. Levitsky and Way, the founders of the concept “competitive authoritarianism”, maintain that although elections have regularly been held, their typical feature remains a blending of competition with varying degrees of authoritarianism. Yet, in their competitive authoritarianism trajectories, the United Republic of Tanzania is considered stable authoritarian. This article advances two arguments: (a) Tanzania, as a union of two countries, Tanganyika and Zanzibar, exhibits a case where organisational party strength varies across territory, thereby affecting electoral competitiveness and manipulation by the ruling regime, and (b) as a consequence, Levitsky and Way do not effectively capture the linkage and leverage factors concerning Tanzania.
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    Beyond Polarity in Zanzibar? The ‘Silent’ Referendum and the Government of National Unity
    (Taylor and Francis, 2012) Bakari, Mohammed; Makulilo, Alexander B.
    On 31 July 2010 the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar held a referendum to decide on the government of national unity so as to end the impasse between the two main political camps, each dominating one of the two islands of Unguja and Pemba. The outcome of the referendum was that the majority of Zanzibaris voted in favour of the government of national unity. This article revisits how the referendum was carried out in terms of observing the basic principles of a democratic referendum and whether the referendum would be a panacea for the polarisation between the two islands. The main argument held here is that the referendum fell short of observing some of the basic principles of a democratic referendum since it systematically suppressed the voices of those who opted for a ‘No’ vote. Besides this, the government of national unity created after the referendum was in essence the unity of the two major political parties, namely the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) and the Civic United Front (CUF). Relatedly, some of the fundamental issues causing polarisation are yet to be tackled, a situation which, if not addressed in time, would make this polarity a likely facet of Zanzibar’s future politics.
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    Bureaucracy and Agricultural Policy: The Case of Tanzania
    (1990) Mukandala, Rwekaza S.
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    The Bureaucracy and Socialism in Tanzania: The Case of the Civil Service
    (African Review, 1983) Mukandala, Rwekaza S.
    The state bureaucracy has occupied a central place in discussion of the socialist policies in Tanzania since 1967 when they were announced. Several issues, contradictory in conception, have been raised about it by several writers. In almost all of thesewritings however, no distinction has been drawn between the various constituents of the bureaucracy, especially between the civil service and the bureaucracy centred in the parastatal organisations and, to a lesser extent, the party bureaucracy. This paper dissects the state bureaucracy concentrating on the civil service. The structural changes as well as the duties and responsabilities thrust on the civil service in the wake of the Arusha Declaration are first described, followed by analyses of the change in civil service size, income, effectiveness and efficiency.
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    Capacity Building for Policy Change and Sustainability in Tanzania
    (Lyne Rienner Publishers, 1994) Mukandala, Rwekaza S.; Shelukindo, W.
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    The Centre and Local Dimensions of Governance
    (African Review, 1995) Mukandala, Rwekaza S.
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    The Centre and Local Institutions of Governance in Tanzania
    (Durban-Westville: Kohler Carton and Print, 1995) Mukandala, Rwekaza S.
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    Civil Society Organizations, Incompetent Citizens, the State and Popular Participation in Tanzania
    (2009-01) Mallya, Ernest T.
    Civil society organisations have played a vital role in the relationship between the state and society. In Africa they have come into existence for different purposes, ranging from ‘self-help’, where the state has failed to help its citizens, to human rights, as the wave of democratisation has peaked, and economic rights, when a country’s economy has crashed and governmental capacity declined to the extent that the population has had to take care of itself without help from the government. In Tanzania CSOs have had to play a more extensive role because many citizens are not politically competent and CSOs have had to take the lead in strengthening the demand side of the political equation. But this role is questionable in cases where CSOs have taken to speaking for and representing people in many forums without the consent of those they claim to represent. In the process CSOs, like NGOs, have compromised their autonomy, becoming close allies and partners of the state. The dilemma is that if they do not do this they cannot help the people they purport to help and if they do they are seen to be usurping the power of the people. The way forward is to empower citizens to assume their role as citizens and to ensure that the relationship between CSOs and the state remains beneficial to all.
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    Community empowerment and accountability in rural primary health care: The case of Kasulu district in Tanzania
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2018-10-20) Damian, Respicius Shumbusho
    This study investigated the relationship between empowerment and community-based accountability in rural Primary Health Care. The focus was on empowerment attributes among community members, existing legal and institutional frameworks, the management of the Community Health Fund, and the role of Health Facility Governance Committees in Kasulu district. The study employed a mixed method approach that included both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis methods. The study found that the majority had lower levels of empowerment (87.3percent) and limited capability to demand and enforce accountability (73.1 percent). The feeling of having power to influence choices; trust in health workers, government officials, and community leaders; possession of skills related to finance and health care; and the capacity to obtain, analyse, and understand financial and health related information were significantly associated with the capability to enforce accountability. However, gender, education, employment status, and occupation were found to have significant influence on the variation in the capability. Married males in the young-adult age with average rural household income, employed and having higher education were more likely to have the capability to enforce accountability. Principal Component Analysis results revealed that building mutual trust, increasing power and confidence of community members, adequate availability and utility of relevant and simplified information, and improving skills related to financial and health service monitoring could enhance the capability to demand and enforce accountability. The findings also revealed the existence of a gap between the formal guidelines and actual operations of both the Community Health Fund and Health Facility Governance Committees. Community-level participation in the Community Health Fund is limited to mobilisation, contribution, and accessing contribution updates through notice boards. Health Facility Governance Committees have limited autonomy to make financial and purchase decisions while the district council exercises more control over allocation and purchase decisions. Delays in decisions result in persistent stock-outs of medicine and medical items, which cause mistrust from communities and thus limit the readiness to contribute and monitor resources and service delivery. Essentially, limited confidence, legitimacy, and trust that Health Facility Governance Committees can address critical concerns of the communities undermine their efficacy as institutions for enhancing community-based accountability. The study concludes that community-based accountability interventions are more likely to be effective if they integrate promotion of agency among communities and improving the opportunity structure. Specifically, both enhancing the capacities of community-level actors to hold service providers and government officials accountable and creating institutional environments that facilitate community actors’ control over the key financial and service delivery decisions and actions are imperative. Finally, a participatory approaches to designing and implementing health policy interventions is critical for developing community ownership as a key prerequisite for successful community-based accountability. Among others, the study recommends strengthening capacities of community-level implementers, improving cooperation between the district council and community-level stakeholders, and interventional studies to assess the impact of trust, information, and financial skills on community-based accountability.
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    Constitutionalism and Good Governance in East Africa; The Relevance of the Commonwealth: The Case of Tanzania
    (2007-11) Mallya, Ernest T.
    The mission statement of the Commonwealth Secretariat, the central organising organ of the activities of the Commonwealth, says that: We work as a trusted partner for all Commonwealth people as a force for peace, democracy, equality and good governance; a catalyst for global consensus-building; and a source of assistance for sustainable development and poverty eradication. This is an all-round statement whose targets are a dream for any country that seeks to build a democratic society with an economy that is vibrant and that caters for everybody in an equitable manner. The statement contains all the ideals we hear from different quarters – whether the United Nations (UN) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and its wider agenda in general, the African Union ( AU) and its Constitutive Act or the East African Community ( EAC) and its Treaty and so on. This forum has principles which, if followed, could make a difference, in many ways, to the diverse situations that exist in the Commonwealth itself. However, these good ideals are bogged down by other facts about the forum, which include the lack of a charter or constitution, the fact that it is a voluntary “club” which members can join or quit as they wish, and the lack of enforcement powers when it comes to sanctions and the like.
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    Corruption, Politics, and Societal Values in Tanzania
    (Wiley Online Library, 2000) Heilman, Bruce E.; Kamata, Ng'wanza; Ndumbaro, Laurean