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Item AN ACCOUNT OF INTERCULTURAL CONTACT IN NYAKYUSA PERSONAL NAMES(African Study Monographs, 2018) Lusekelo, AmaniThe impact of intercultural contact in African societies may be well articulated by examining personal names bestowed to children. The contact between different cultures yields different naming systems, apparent in the trends in personal names of children in the Nyakyusa community in Tanzania. Qualitative analysis of a sample of 220 personal names collected by the author yielded three layers: a layer of names with words and clauses with meaning in Nyakyusa language, another layer of names starting with mwa- which indicates the descent of the family, and yet another layer of nativized English, Swahili and/or Christian names. The findings were consistent with another sample of 786 names of primary school pupils in rural areas, foreign names accounted for about 60 percent of all names outnumbering, by far, the indigene names. It may follow that most parents in the Nyakyusa community opt for foreign names rather than native ones. This paper is a testimony that traditions in the Nyakyusa naming system are diminishing.Item Adaptation of Sukuma Loanwords in the Western Dialects of Datooga (Taturu) and its Dialectological Implications(ETHNOLOGIA ACTUALIS, 2019) Lusekelo, AmaniThe exchange of linguistic materials between languages which come into contact is indeed reciprocal. The previous accounts of the outcome of contact between Datooga and Sukuma was skewed towards impact of Datooga on Sukuma. Based on ethnolinguistic vitality approach, the Datooga tend to reveal solidarity-related social identity by acquiring their language as a mother tongue. They also reveal prestige-related social identity by acquiring Sukuma language which is the prestigious lingua franca of the Itumba area in Igunga District. Moreover, the Datooga envisaged mechanisms to either isolate out-group members using their ethnonyms. Based on a list of 250 loanwords, this paper highlights the substitutive borrowing of kinship terms and additive borrowing of agricultural terms. The Sukuma loanwords penetrate into the Datooga lexicon.Item Additive and Substitutive Borrowing against Semantic Broadening and Narrowing in the Names of Architectural Structures in Tanzanian Bantu Languages(UJAH, 2017) Lusekelo, AmaniThe thrust of this paper lies on semantic changes associated with additive and substitutive borrowing in Bantu-speaking communities in Tanzania. Due to contact of languages, semantic differences of the terms related to architectural structures emanate. Apart from data from a few elderly native speakers, research was carried out with the help of undergraduate students of linguistics. Further linguistic materials analysed herein come from dictionaries and lexicons. Although retention of the proto- Bantu words are apparent, findings indicate that cases of additive borrowing are obvious for new concepts associated with new architectural structures. The additive Swahili names incorporated into Tanzanian Bantu tend to designate specific concepts associated with modern (contemporary) architectural senses such as mulango ‘modern door’ vs. luigi ‘traditional entranceway’. Cases of substitutive borrowing are rare, as demonstrated by the Swahili word dirisha ‘window’ which replaces chitonono in Chimakonde, echihúru in Runyambo, ilituulo in Kinyakyusa etc.Item Affinity between Poetry and Philosophy: Investigation of Muzale’s Nakuomba(Kioo cha Lugha, Vol. 12, 2014:113-130, 2014) Samwel, MethodPoetry is a literary work which, as other genres of literature, performs two main functions in the society, educating and entertaining. In so doing, poetry, like philosophy, questions existing concepts and ideas, clarifies them, critically analyses those concepts and ideas and formulates a world view in a logical manner. Also, poetry, just like philosophy, is filled with wisdom which if accepted and utilized by the society, is likely to enhance socio-economic and political development. This paper is of the view that what philosophy and poetry do is similar to the extent that philosophy and poetry can be treated the same. That is to say, poets are philosophers of some kind. To present that, the paper analyses philosophical values of Muzale’s Nakuomba poems. Ushairi ni kazi ya fasihi ambayo, kama tanzu nyingine za fasihi, una dhima kuu mbili katika jamii, kuelimisha na kuburudisha. Katika kutimiza dhima hizo, ushairi, kama ilivyo falsafa, huhoji dhana na mawazo yaliyopo, hufafanua, na kuhakiki dhana na mawazo yaliyopo katika jamii, na huunda mtazamo mpya wenye mantiki zaidi. Aidha, ushairi, kama tu ilivyo falsafa, umejaa mambo mbalimbali ya busara ambayo kama yatakubaliwa na kutekelezwa na jamii, yanaweza kuleta maendeleo ya kijamii, kiuchumi na kisiasa. Makala haya yanaibua hoja kuwa ushairi na falsafa zina majukumu yanayofanana sana katika jamii kiasi kwamba ushairi na falsafa huweza kuchukuliwa kama vitu vinavyofanana sana. Hii ni kusema kuwa, washairi ni wanafalsafa kwa namna fulani. Ili kubainisha hilo, makala yanachambua masuala mbalimbali ya kifalsafa yanayobainika katika mashairi yaliyomo katika diwani ya Muzale ya Nakuomba.Item African Philosophy: A Link Between Modern and Traditional African Poetry,(Journal of Education, Humanities and Sciences, Volume 3 Nos. 1 & 2, 2014:27-44, 2014) Samwel, MethodThis article argues that traditional and modern praise poetry do relate. This relationship is from the fact that the two are similar in several aspects ranging from content to form. Only one similarity among them, similarity in philosophy, is discussed here. The article, therefore, presents how different kinds of African poetry of different generations can never diverge totally from African philosophy. That is to say, both traditional and modern praise poetry carry similar beliefs; how Africans see things is viewed in similar way in the two kinds of poetry. Traditional praise poetry used here is Bahaya’s praise poetry, ebyebugo, and the praises seen in Basukuma songs while modern poetry used here is Bongo Flavor praise poetry. Bahaya and Basukuma are people who live in North – Western and Lake Zone in Tanzania. Bongo Flavor is Tanzanian youth music which is characterized by self praises. Therefore, we can simply say this article picks Tanzanian traditional and modern praise poetry as samples of African traditional and modern poetry respectively.Item Agreement between nPs and modifiers in Bantu DPs(Dar es Salaam University College of Education, 2018) Ndomba, Rodrick GregoryAgreement is one of the conspicuous characteristics of structural relations holding among the categories or elements in syntactic constituents—clauses and phrases—in Bantu languages. This paper focuses on agreement relations in nominal phrases, specifically agreement between nouns (nPs) and respective elements, also called modifiers, in Bantu languages. The paper is premised around the Noam Chomsky’s minimalist approach, which assumes that items or elements in a phrase or clause standing in an agreement configuration are arranged via successive Merger binary operations taking place in a bottom-up fashion. Using evidence from Kiswahili, the paper argues that the agreement between head nouns and its modifiers of DP in Bantu languages stem from the raising of the head noun – nP. The approach to deriving agreement in Bantu DPs pursued departs from head specifier relations via government and the raising of N to class prefix via probe goal relations. The paper has assumed that proper agreement is a function of syntactic operations, specifically the raising of XP (nP) to Spec DP.Item Alternatives to local content requirements in resource-rich countries(Oxford Development Studies, 2017-12) Kinyondo, Abel; Kolstad, IvarThis paper discusses whether and to what extent resource-rich developing countries should introduce local content policies, i.e. requirements to include local inputs in petroleum extraction activities of multinational corporations. We argue that local content needs to be seen as a public expenditure question, since local content requirements increase multinational costs, and hence reduce the taxes which can be extracted from these companies. This implies that there are opportunity costs in imposing local content requirements, since the forgone taxes can be used in others ways which could potentially do more to improve development prospects. Moreover, past experiences of resource-rich developing countries suggest that local content policies can exacerbate key problems of patronage and rent-seeking which resource rents generate, increasing the chance that the resource wealth will prevent rather than help development. These arguments suggest that an optimal local content policy in the context of flawed institutions is a more limited one than those typically pursued by developing countries with recently discovered petroleum reserves. Using qualitative data from Tanzania, a country with recent discoveries of substantial natural gas deposits, we analyze why local content tends to become such a central issue in debates and policy processes, despite its potentially problematic aspects.Item The Apparition of the Perceived Enemy: National Identity and Peace Building in South Sudan.(The Open University of Tanzania, 2020-08-03) Masabo, Conrad JohnBetween July 8th and 11th, 2016 an intense fighting erupted in South Sudan. This was the second instance to the previous fighting that broke-out between December 15th and 18th, 2013 and both happened in Juba the capital city of the country. These revealed that, South Sudan was not only the newest nation in the world, but also the youngest nation facing many dilemmas in forging for national identity and consolidating peace. These incidences require scholars to be sober and surpass the oversimplifications of the causes of this mayhem. Thus, understanding these challenges calls for re-considering and re-framing the understanding of the real enemy, to forge a healthy national identity that the country needs. In this journey, I challenge South Sudanese to re-think reflectively and critically if they are to understand the manifestation of the postcolonial–neo-colonial image of imperialism that have not allowed meaningful transition and state building and unlearn the perceived misunderstanding, and invitation is for them to embrace roles of democracy, nationhood, and governance in peace and nation building. As this paper advances, it is by embracing such reconsiderations that nation building, and the identity formation among South Sudanese, the prospects newly country of South Sudan will be possible.Item Are we experiencing a ‘post-method’ era in second language teaching?(Journal of Education, Humanities, and Sciences, 2015) Ndomba, Rodrick GregoryApproaches to Second Language teaching have been changing over time. The pivotal force behind the changes globally has been the quest for the best approach. New methods have emerged as old ones are discarded, with less prospects to achieve the best. This paper revisits the chronology of events characterizing the war of methods globally, and highlights key current issues underlining English language teaching in Tanzanian secondary schools. Central to the battle on methods is the need for proper preparation of English language teachers amid claims that their linguistic and methodological standards have been on the decline over decades. Indeed, the switch to competence-based curriculum (CBC) in the current English language curriculum in the Tanzanian system of education invariably calls for an assessment of the Second Language teaching profession in the ‘post-method’ era.Item The Bank of Tanzania (BoT) as the Custodian of the Tanzanian Economy: Opportunities and Challenges(Jordan University College, 2012-12) Masabo, Conrad JohnWhen Tanzania embarked on fundamental transformation of its economy almost two decades ago one of the top agenda in the economic reforms was the need to overhaul the financial system. And in view of pivotal role it plays in the country’s economy, the banking sector was the first to undergo reforms. Implementation of the reforms followed recommendations of the Presidential Commission on the need to modernize the banking sector dubbed the Nyirabu Commission. The BOT Act of 1995 was a landmark in Tanzania’s monetary history by adopting a single policy objective, i.e. price stability and moving away from multiple-policy objectives. More radical changes were felt following the repealing of the BOT Act, of 1995, by enacting the BOT Act, of 2006 in 2006 which is the basis of legal framework under which the BOT operates today. In that light of reforms this paper therefore sets forward to expose how the Bank of Tanzania (BoT) is the custodian of the economy of Tanzania as well as the problems that Bank of Tanzania faces in the management of the economy.Item Benchmarks for Codes of Conduct(The Parliamentarian., 2015) Coghill, Ken; Kinyondo, AbelParliamentary Codes of Conduct and Ethics are increasingly used by parliaments, both national and provincial or state, to regulate the behaviour of members. Bench-marking them then becomes a crucial matters. This work suggests ways to do exactly that.Item Bongo Fleva Inapotosha Jamii: Je ni Dai Jipya katika Maendeleo ya Fasihi ya Kiswahili?(Kioo cha Lugha No. 10 Vol. 10, TUKI: Dar es Salaam., 2012) Samwel, MethodMuziki wa Bongo Fleva umepitia kipindi kigumu cha kihistoria kwa kukataliwa na kuonekana kwa unapotosha jamii. Japo kwa sasa muziki huu unaoneana kukubalika, bado kuna baadhi ya watu wanauona kwamba unapotosha jamii. Miongoni mwa mambo yaliyoufanya muziki huu ukataliwe na kuhusishwa na upotoshaji wa jamii ni mavazi ya wasanii wake, maneno ya kihuni yanayotumika, tabia za wasanii, matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya, pombe na mengine ya aina hiyo. Makala haya yanapitia na kuangalia ikiwa dai kwamba kazi za fasihi hasa muziki wa Bongo Fleva unapotosha jamii ni jipya au la. Aidha, makala haya yanatoa mwelekeo mpya wa kufuatwa na wanajamii katika kuzihukumu kazi za fasihi za aina hiyo.Item Can Smallholders benefit from the new market opportunities from the extractive industry in Tanzania?(Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2018-05) Kinyondo, Abel; Sosina, Bezu; Espen, VillangerThe recent discovery of huge oil and gas reserves in Tanzania has created a new opportunity for economic growth and development of the country. Tanzania is expected to be one of the leading producers and exporters of natural gas in the coming decade. However, 88 percent of poor Tanzanians live in rural areas and two-third of the labour force is engaged in agriculture. For the extractive industry to serve as a catalyst for economic growth and poverty reduction, it has to be integrated with the rest of the economy through forward and backward linkages. One such linkage is food supply from agriculture. The projected boom in the extractive industry will open up new market opportunities for farmers to supply food items for high value buyers such as caterers, restaurants, supermarkets and processors. However, to benefit from rapidly expanding high-end food markets, farmers need to have both the capacity and the incentives to supply their produce at the desired quantity and quality. Currently significant portion of the new demand is already being filled by imported goods. This report discusses the opportunities for and challenges of integrating farmers into high-end food markets.Item The Challenges of Electoral Process Institutions of the Zanzibar and Union Elections of 1995, 2000 and 2005: Anything New With the Election Expenses Act, 2010?(Jordan University College, 2011-12) Masabo, Conrad JohnThough it is true that elections alone do not guarantee proper functioning of democracies, they are the most convenient means of effecting orderly political successions of office bearers. But for elections to become credible instruments to political succession its adherence to the rules of the game as well as procedures which had been agreed upon by players themselves. In that regard the constitutional and legal framework governing the electoral processes have been always central and among the fundamental issues during elections. They thus constitute most important decrees in setting conditions under which elections are conducted in a country. This paper sets forth to critically assess the functioning of important electoral institutions in Tanzania. Specific attention is on whether The Election Expenses Act, 2010 have improved the conduct of the 2010 Zanzibar and Union Elections as opposed to those of 1995, 2000 and 2005 respectively in reducing corruption and election related corrupt practices.Item A Comparative Study of Headedness in Ruhaya Compounds(Journal of Education, Humanities and Sciences, 2016) Ilonga, EmmanuelThis paper presents endocentric and exocentric compounds in Ruhaya, with specific focus on their lexical properties, position of headwords, semantic relation between headwords and modifiers, and the semantic classification of noun-noun compounds. It offers a comparison between Ruhaya and other Bantu languages on these aspects, and extends the comparison to Indo-European languages (English, Dutch and French). It was found that Ruhaya has left-headed compounds, and words from the same and different lexical categories can combine to make up compound words. In the case of headed compounds, there is a kind of semantic relations through which modifiers slightly change the meaning of headwords. With an exception of Northern Sotho, in which a prefix of the left-most word becomes the head, the left-most word in Ruhaya, Bemba and Kiswahili is the head. In comparison with Indo-European languages, French is left headed in this regard, while Dutch and English are right-headed.Item Controversies Underlying the Genre of Short Story: A Critique of Perceptions on Kiswahili Written Short Story(DUCE, 2013) Samwel, MethodThe genre of short stories has been viewed by scholars as being very controversial and conflicting (e.g. Msokile 1992; Madumula 2009; Samwel 2012). The debates are on proper way of defining short stories, their classification with supporting examples, and their actual distinctive features. This paper, though acknowledges a need to analyze literature into genres and even sub-genres, shows how controversial a genre of short stories can be. It mainly focuses on controversies pertaining to short story as a genre of Kiswahili literature. It presents varied perceptions of various scholars on issues related to Kiswahili written short story. It also presents the “best” way of resolving the controversies.Item Corruption and Fraudulent Culture: The Case of Tanzania.(Globethics.net., 2014-12) Masabo, Conrad JohnToday’s Tanzania is not and cannot be immune not only to petty corruption but also to grand and looting forms of corruption. It is under intensive corruption! Corruption is being institutionalised and it has been accepted as a vice that one can benefit from and it has become “as the cancer in the society”. Corruption as a phenomenon has eaten deep into almost if not all strata of African society and it has been and is accepted as part of our culture and “the moral principle in operation here is one of utilitarianism: as long as my choice of action brings some good to me, it is okay.”If not stopped, corruption is always the main cause of the moral and social break-down of our society. It is even internationally acknowledged that, systematic corruption is prevalent and entrenched in most of sub-Saharan countries of which Tanzania is one of them.Item The Cost of Party System Change: The Case of Tanzania(Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017) Kinyondo, Abel; Nwokora, Zim; Pelizzo, RiccardoItem The Costs of Party System Change: The Case of Tanzania(SelectedWorks, 2015-08-21) Pelizzo, Riccardo; Kinyondo, Abel; Nwokora, ZimAs Tanzanians prepare to go to the polls and the country awaits an election that could mark the end of the CCM rule, potentially ushering in dramatic change in the Tanzanian party system, analysing the relationship between the changeability of the Tanzanian party system and the various aspects of the Tanzanian democracy is both timely and valuable. This is so for at least two reasons. First, such an analysis provides a basis for assessing whether and to what extent the political consequences of party system change in Tanzania are similar to the observations made by Nwokora and Pelizzo (2015) for the South East Asian region. By doing so, we are also able to make a contribution to the comparative study of the consequences of party system change—a topic which, as Nwokora and Pelizzo (2015) reported, has not been adequately covered in the literature. Secondly, such an analysis can also enable us to make some tentative, but educated, guesses as to what may happen in Tanzania if, as many observers have repeatedly predicted, the Presidential elections of next October mark the end of the CCM’s rule.Item The Definite Article in Swahili(University of Dar es Salaam, 2017) Ndomba, Rodrick GregoryThis paper contributes to the debate on whether or not Swahili nominals have overt determiners to qualify for DP analysis. It has been concluded in some circles that Swahili nominals are not amenable to DP analysis for lacking determiners – definite articles. It is assumed in this paper that what appear to be articleless DPs in Swahili are underlyingly headed by the D node which always remains empty except in cases when D is occupied by the prenominal demonstratives base generated in a lower position inside the DP structure. The strongest evidence in Swahili comes from asymmetries between prenominal and postnominal demonstratives whereby the prenominal demonstratives are said to be anaphoric and postnominal demonstratives deictic. Assuming that the prenominal demonstrative is base generated below D, the conclusion must be that the demonstrative appears in the prenominal position following the raising.