Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

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Structural Analysis of Code-switching in Tanzanian Swahili-English Online Telecom Adverts
(Journal of Education, Humanities and Sciences, 2001-12-01) Ilonga, Emmanuel
This study analyses structural configurations of code-switching from Swahili-English online business-related advertisements in Tanzania. The study uses advertisements disseminated by telecom corporations on Facebook. Through the matrix language frame (MLF), and the 4–M models of code-switching, the study discloses the dominance of Swahili as the matrix language (ML), supplying a relatively higher quantity of content morphemes (CM) in clauses; whilst English becomes the embedded language (EL). The Swahili’s supremacy in larger mixed language structures reflects the higher application of Swahili in day-to-day interactions in Tanzania, while English ‘chips in’ at times. In bundle names, which are phrases in structure, the study shows English as the ML; and Swahili as the EL. Further analyses indicate that both early system morphemes (early SMs), which are bound in nature, and bridge late system morphemes which are free in nature, come from Swahili. Similarly, coming from Swahili too, outsider late system morphemes are attached to content morphemes. Generally, Swahili and English partake in mixed language constructions with variations in terms of quantity, types, morpheme properties, and the syntactic properties of linguistic structures.
Samatengo noun phrase structure
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2006) Ndomba, Rodrick Gregory
THE study on Samatengo Noun Phrase Structure draws experiences from earlier works on the nominal morphology of the nouns in Bantu languages. The morphology of the nouns has been one of the leading factors in classifying Bantu languages and at the same time grouping nouns into gender classes. Studies by Johnston (1919, 1922) and Guthrie (1948, 1967 – 1971, 1970) based on the morphological analysis of the noun in the Bantu languages. Recent studies like that of Maho (1999), Katamba (Nurse and Philippson, 2003:103 - 120), Kahigi (2005) and Rugemalira (2005, 2006a, 2006b) have gone further looking into concordial patterns of the noun classes with the aim of analyzing the noun class markers in more broad parameters. This study, however, has made a leap forward by including an analysis of different elements in the entire structure of the noun phrase. Besides looking solely at noun classification and their concords, this study describes the noun phrase structure in terms of noun class dependents – their forms and semantic characteristics, agreement forms, derivation processes and the ordering and co-occurrence of the noun and its dependent elements. The study reveals that noun pairing in Samatengo has great variability, which can be attested to particular semantic roles. Overlaps come to defeat semantic criteria for noun class analysis. In terms of the derivation process, nouns in Samatengo are productive showing different ways of deriving new nouns. Included in the analysis is the order of elements – dependents – that co-occur with the noun head in a phrase structure. The study establishes flexibility in terms of some dependents while others seem to have more restricted occurrences.
The Structure of the Nyakyusa Noun Phrase
(Nordic Journal of African Studies, 2009) Lusekelo, Amani
This article articulates the structure of the noun phrase in the Bantu language Nyakyusa. The aim of the study is to move a step ahead from the focus on concords across Bantu languages to the analysis of the order of elements within the noun phrase. As scholars have paid less attention to the syntax of the noun and its dependents (Rugemalira 2007), then the analysis of the order of elements in the Nyakyusa noun phrases is necessary. This study found the following: (i) the dominant attested order of the elements in a Nyakyusa noun phrase is N > [(Poss)(Dem)] > [(Num)(Quant)(A)] > [(Int)(Rel)], (ii) both the possessive and demonstrative may occur immediately after the head noun, but when the possessive immediately follows the head noun it must drop a pre-prefix. Also, the demonstrative can not precede the head noun if so, the meaning changes; (iii) hypothetically, with recurrence, more than seven elements can co-occur within a single noun phrase.
Determinants of loan repayment performance in microcredit institutions: Evidence from Tanzania
(Asia-African Journal of Economics and Econometrics, 2009) Kinyondo, Abel; Okurut, Nathan
This study investigated the key factors that influence loan repayment performance among group clients of microcredit institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania. This was motivated by the fact that sustainability of MFIs is critical for poverty reduction among the poor through sustainable access to credit. Sustainability of microcredit institutions is greatly influenced by the loan repayment performance of their clients. High repayment rates enable MFIs to recover interest income and minimize loan losses which enhance profits. In turn, these profits enhance the capital base which enables microcredit institutions to increase their outreach and reduce their dependence on donors. The study was based on a sample of 150 respondents from PRIDE and FINCA in Kariakoo Division, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The logit model regression results suggest that experience, training time, and sanctions have positive and significant effects on loan repayment performance among group clients of MFIs. However transaction costs and group size have negative and significant effects on loan repayment performance. The policy options to improve loan repayment performance among group clients of MFIs in Tanzania include: encouraging long term relationship with groups (i.e. client retention), adequate training of groups, establishing lasting social sanctions within the groups and by the microcredit institutions, cutting down transaction costs incurred by groups and encouraging more coordination amongst MFIs through the creation of a credit reference bureau.
Gender Inequalities in Buha (Kigoma) and the Role of Gender Mainstreaming to Alliviate Them
(Salvatorian Institute of Philosophy and Theology, 2009-06) Masabo, Conrad John
Gender issues and debates on gender are ever growing to dominate the local and international politics, law, economy and social policies. The debate are hot and even now penetrating to the formerly spheres that were for quite long left un-penetrated such as those structures of religion. Gender can be defined as the social determined roles and relations between males and females. In this regard, these social constructed roles and relations have resulted into tremendous gender inequalities that need to be addressed anew with a different methodology or strategy. They call for critical and purposely attention from anyone who hopes to contribute towards making this world a better place for living. It attracts re-assessing of our understanding and the extent we are ready to promote and propagate for human rights, common good and social justice. This paper discusses gender inequality theories that best explain the existing gender inequalities among the Ha people living in Kigoma Region and explaining how gender mainstreaming strategy can be employed to reduce the existing gender inequalities. To meet the demands of the task our essay will have a part giving the region profile of demographic, geographical, historical and political data. This will be followed by a part highlighting some of the existing gender inequalities among the Buha Communities, then a part discussing the selected gender inequalities theories and lastly a part devoted to expose the methodology to follow in using gender mainstreaming strategy to reduce these inequalities.
Pan-Africanism and African Unity: Any Prospects?
(Salvatorian Institute of Philosophy and Theology, 2010-06) Masabo, Conrad John
At the close of 50 years of independence, Africa is still yearning for unity despite of the more than 100 years of the initiatives made by the pan-Africanists. The essay addresses important issues of political, economic, social and cultural rebirth of the African continent. It argues that, if the ideas of Pan-Africanism or Africanisms are deeply persuaded they can make Africa successfully in coping with its problems and orient itself in a rapidly globalising world. While there is hope for Africa in the continental unity and pan-African political and economic projects; the paper also points out imperialism and neo-colonialism as the biggest threats to Africa's unity and freedom.
Multiparty Elections and Party Support in Tanzania
(Sage, 2011-11-30) Babeiya, Edwin E.
Multiparty elections in Tanzania have been characterized by the dominance of the ruling party and the erratic rise and fall of opposition parties. This trend has been largely influenced by, among others, such factors as institutionalization, age, personality sex, history and low level of civic competence. However, the results of the 2010 general elections suggest a new development that challenges the eminence of the aforementioned factors, which have for almost two decades favoured the ruling party. This new development is reflected in the 2010 elections that witnessed some of the areas that were an enclave of the incumbent party offering a relatively strong support to opposition parties, particularly Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (CHADEMA). The 2010 general elections’ results prompt a need for an enquiry to establish whether or not this is the beginning of a new chapter in which both the ruling party and opposition parties stand an equal chance of winning the elections.
The Challenges of Electoral Process Institutions of the Zanzibar and Union Elections of 1995, 2000 and 2005: Anything New With the Election Expenses Act, 2010?
(Jordan University College, 2011-12) Masabo, Conrad John
Though it is true that elections alone do not guarantee proper functioning of democracies, they are the most convenient means of effecting orderly political successions of office bearers. But for elections to become credible instruments to political succession its adherence to the rules of the game as well as procedures which had been agreed upon by players themselves. In that regard the constitutional and legal framework governing the electoral processes have been always central and among the fundamental issues during elections. They thus constitute most important decrees in setting conditions under which elections are conducted in a country. This paper sets forth to critically assess the functioning of important electoral institutions in Tanzania. Specific attention is on whether The Election Expenses Act, 2010 have improved the conduct of the 2010 Zanzibar and Union Elections as opposed to those of 1995, 2000 and 2005 respectively in reducing corruption and election related corrupt practices.
Bongo Fleva Inapotosha Jamii: Je ni Dai Jipya katika Maendeleo ya Fasihi ya Kiswahili?
(Kioo cha Lugha No. 10 Vol. 10, TUKI: Dar es Salaam., 2012) Samwel, Method
Muziki wa Bongo Fleva umepitia kipindi kigumu cha kihistoria kwa kukataliwa na kuonekana kwa unapotosha jamii. Japo kwa sasa muziki huu unaoneana kukubalika, bado kuna baadhi ya watu wanauona kwamba unapotosha jamii. Miongoni mwa mambo yaliyoufanya muziki huu ukataliwe na kuhusishwa na upotoshaji wa jamii ni mavazi ya wasanii wake, maneno ya kihuni yanayotumika, tabia za wasanii, matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya, pombe na mengine ya aina hiyo. Makala haya yanapitia na kuangalia ikiwa dai kwamba kazi za fasihi hasa muziki wa Bongo Fleva unapotosha jamii ni jipya au la. Aidha, makala haya yanatoa mwelekeo mpya wa kufuatwa na wanajamii katika kuzihukumu kazi za fasihi za aina hiyo.
Return on Training Investment in Parliaments: The Need for Change in the Pacific Region
(Parliamentary Affairs, 2012) Kinyondo, Abel
Despite substantial investment in training in Pacific parliaments, which has continued for more than a decade, parliamentary performance for many countries in the region has barely improved. Indeed, Pacific parliaments are still widely regarded as weak. The inability of training programmes to improve parliamentary performance in several areas of the Pacific led the researcher to query whether training providers are concentrating their resources on the right people. Using a multi-case design that used interviews in five Pacific parliaments—Marshall Islands, Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste, Tonga and Vanuatu—the author argues that training providers should give priority to parliamentary staff rather than members of parliaments.
The functions of Parliament: reality challenges tradition
(Australasian Parliamentary Review, 2012) Kinyondo, Abel; Coghill, Ken; Lewis, Colleen; Holland, Peter; Steinack, K
The functions of parliaments have been variously described by scholars and in parliamentary documents but there have been few, if any, reported studies of how parliamentary practitioners see their own institutions. This paper reports practitioner perceptions of contemporary functions of fifteen selected national legislatures. The research is embedded in a wider project on parliamentary careers that looks at a total of 60 national parliaments. It investigates what knowledge, skills and abilities assist MPs in successfully fulfilling their responsibilities, the nature and content of professional development programs available to MPs and the effect these programs have on enhancing knowledge, skills and abilities.2 The responsibilities of MPs relate to the functions of the parliamentary chamber to which they have been elected. Hence, for consistency reasons, the research focused only on national parliaments.
Where is Socialism in Tanzania?
(2012-05) Makulilo, Victoria
After independence Tanzania adopted a socialist ideology,‘Ujamaa’.‘Ujamaa’ was a political decision to societal development. It is obvious majority poor were complacent to it. This made many Tanzanians to identify themselves as “wajamaa.” Nevertheless, the economic crisis of 1970s swayed Tanzania to adopt Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)1. SAPs are grounded in liberalism. This situation led Tanzania to a dilemma of having liberalism and abandoning socialism since the two ideologies are disputable and can never be applied at the same setting. Apparently, the socialist ideology is identified with Mwalimu J.K. Nyerere, the founder of the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi1 (CCM). It is logical that to abandon “Ujamaa” is to illegitimise CCM from the majority Tanzanians. Instead, Tanzania decided to adopt the SAPs in 1980s and remain with Ujamaa on paper for legitimacy. In 1991 Zanzibar Resolution was drawn to entomb core values of “Ujamaa”.It is this particular event which is claimed as marking death of “Ujamaa” in practice. Mwl. Nyerere himself commented in 1993 that “Ujamaa” had been warped. Yet, CCM would argue for existence of “Ujamaa”. The bases for the argument are Article 9(j) of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1977(URT Constitution) and Article 4(3) and 5(3) of the CCM Constitution 1977(CCM Constitution). This paper argues that Tanzania has currently a “myeloma” in ideology. And thus, it suffers a crisis. Its praxis is absent. Concomitantly, the praxis of liberalism through privatization policies and legislation is repugnant and thus unconstitutional. This leaves the general public confused. Moreover it makes investors lose confidence in business as a result. The paper recommends a wider debate involving all stakeholders be held in guiding the country to one clear direction on ideology.
The Proliferation of Private Universities in Tanzania: Quality Compromised?
(Wudpecker Journal of Education Research, 2012-10) Makulilo, Victoria
University education has a significant contribution to development endeavors. Universities have to provide countries with highly qualified skilled labour and technological developments through researches. Most invariably skilled labour impacts to different national projects positively. It must be noted that the university education required to accommodate development projects successfully must be of high quality. The concept of quality can variably be assessed. The prominent four approaches have been used to assess the quality of education in particular. Such approaches are structural approach, processes approach, product-output approach, and legal and institutional approach. Tanzania introduced university education in 1970 with only one university, i.e. the University of Dar es Salaam. Before this time, Dar es Salaam University was the university college of East Africa as it were for Makerere University College of East Africa (Uganda) and Nairobi University College of East Africa (Kenya). After the adoption of liberal policies of private ownership, Tanzania is experiencing a proliferation of private universities alongside public universities. With emphasis on legal-institutional and structural approaches, this article argues that the quality of private universities in Tanzania is undermined greatly. The article recommends a proper review of education policies reflected in the role of universities by the government and private university owners.
The Bank of Tanzania (BoT) as the Custodian of the Tanzanian Economy: Opportunities and Challenges
(Jordan University College, 2012-12) Masabo, Conrad John
When Tanzania embarked on fundamental transformation of its economy almost two decades ago one of the top agenda in the economic reforms was the need to overhaul the financial system. And in view of pivotal role it plays in the country’s economy, the banking sector was the first to undergo reforms. Implementation of the reforms followed recommendations of the Presidential Commission on the need to modernize the banking sector dubbed the Nyirabu Commission. The BOT Act of 1995 was a landmark in Tanzania’s monetary history by adopting a single policy objective, i.e. price stability and moving away from multiple-policy objectives. More radical changes were felt following the repealing of the BOT Act, of 1995, by enacting the BOT Act, of 2006 in 2006 which is the basis of legal framework under which the BOT operates today. In that light of reforms this paper therefore sets forward to expose how the Bank of Tanzania (BoT) is the custodian of the economy of Tanzania as well as the problems that Bank of Tanzania faces in the management of the economy.
Strengthening parliaments in nascent democracies: The Need to prioritise reforms
(Australasian Parliamentary Review, 2013) Kinyondo, Abel
Despite multi-million dollar spending by donor countries such as Australia and New Zealand on parliamentary training, the effectiveness of parliaments, which is hereby defined by the ability of parliaments to be responsive to voters’ needs, has not had significant improvements in the Pacific region. Some of the reasons suggested to be responsible for the weak state of Pacific parliaments include, a clash between traditional and modern systems of governance, smallness of population and ethnic heterogeneity as well as the weakness of political parties in the region. However, successes in countries faced with similar challenges elsewhere in the world, such as Mauritius and Botswana, suggest that such challenges are surmountable in the presence of better ways to strengthen these parliaments. This paper argues that, in order to improve the effectiveness of parliaments in nascent democracies, targeted and meaningful legislative reforms should be employed prior to employing other approaches to strengthening parliaments. Tonga is used to demonstrate this reality Analysis of parliamentary training programs is made and subsequent reforms suggested which, if applied in timely way, could significantly improve the effectiveness of Tonga’s parliament. Importantly, some of the recommendations drawn have a wider relevance to improving the effectiveness of parliaments in other emerging democracies.
Controversies Underlying the Genre of Short Story: A Critique of Perceptions on Kiswahili Written Short Story
(DUCE, 2013) Samwel, Method
The genre of short stories has been viewed by scholars as being very controversial and conflicting (e.g. Msokile 1992; Madumula 2009; Samwel 2012). The debates are on proper way of defining short stories, their classification with supporting examples, and their actual distinctive features. This paper, though acknowledges a need to analyze literature into genres and even sub-genres, shows how controversial a genre of short stories can be. It mainly focuses on controversies pertaining to short story as a genre of Kiswahili literature. It presents varied perceptions of various scholars on issues related to Kiswahili written short story. It also presents the “best” way of resolving the controversies.
Muziki si Majigambo, Muziki ni Sanaa si Sawa na Sanaa ya Urembo”: Uhakiki wa Dhima za Majigambo katika Fasihi
(TUKI, 2013) Samwel, Method
Majigambo no moja ya vipangele maarufu katika nyimbo za muziki wa Bongo fleva au muziki wa kizazi kipya. Hata hivyo matumizi ya majigambo katika ushairi wa Bongo fleva yamekuwa yakikemewa na baadhi ya wasanii, wadau na hata hadhira ya ushairi wenyewe. Mmoja wa wasanii waliosimama kidete kupinga majigambo katika ushairi huu ni Selemani Msindi (phk Afande Sele) katika wimbo wake uitwao “Mayowe Part II”. Katika wimbo huo msanii huyo anadai kwamba ushairi wa Bongo Fleva, na muziki wenyewe kwa ujumla, haupaswi kuwa na majigambo bali unaaswa kutoa ujumbe mzito wenye manufaa kwa jamii. Afande Sele anadai kwamba si busara kujigamba juu ya mambo ambayo hujawahi kuyafanya huku kuna matatiizo mengi katika jamii kama vile njaa, UKIMWI, umiskini, uongozi mbaya na kadhhalika ambayo wasanii wangeweza kuyashughulikia katika nyimbo zao. Makala haya yanajaribu kutathmini ikiwa ni kweli majigambo si muhimu katika ushairi wa Bongo fleva. Halikadhalika, yanajadili dhima ya majigambo katika muziki huo.
Strengthening parliaments: Some lessons from the Pacific Region
(Politics and Policy, 2013) Kinyondo, Abel; Pelizzo, Riccardo
There is universal agreement among development stakeholders that parliaments play a crucial role in enhancing good governance, economic growth, and development as well as the general quality of democracy. It follows from this fact that several international organizations (IOs) have embarked in activities that seek to strengthen legislative capacity. However, we note that there is a lack of consensus—among IOs and in key literature—on the right approach to strengthen parliaments.Consequently, IOs have been offering varying legislative-strengthening exercises that have inevitably produced significantly different and, at times, disappointing outcomes. Using a multicase study design that includes five Pacific countries, we show that to attain positive and significant outcomes, legislative capacity-building initiatives need to be country specific and informed by local needs assessment. We further reassert that no amount of legislative capacity-building effort can enhance parliamentary performance in the absence of local political will.
Discerning for Peace in Africa: The Sudan Civil Wars and Peace Processes 1955-2013
(Hekima College, a Campus of the Catholic University of Eastern Africa., 2013-12) Masabo, Conrad John
Separation of the Sudan into the Republic of Sudan (North) and the Republic of Southern Sudan (South) was globally extolled as the long-lasting solution to one of the longest civil wars in post-Colonial Africa. However, recent developments in Sudan: continued clashes between north and south, crises in the contested areas and tribal civil wars have uncovered that: separation without addressing the principal root causes of the conflicts is not the panacea to prone and protracted civil wars. Taking a historical analysis framework, the paper attempts to tackle issues of causes, opportunities and challenges for peace in Sudan.
Strengthening Parliaments in the Pacific Region
(2014) Kinyondo, Abel
This book reports an investigation of the relationship between training and parliamentary performance in the Pacific region. It innovatively draws on the theories from political science, adult education and training and human resources fields in an attempt to explain that relationship. Attention is drawn on those who fund, develop and conduct education and training programs for members of parliament. Subsequently, the value or otherwise of using external, fly-in-fly-out training providers from other cultural and political systems is identified and evaluated. The role of International Organizations in funding, developing and evaluating parliamentarians' education and training programs and the resources spent on consultants is also examined. Furthermore, the role of parliamentary staff in assisting MPs to enhance their knowledge, skills and abilities is scrutinized including structural and other challenges they would face if they were to play a more significant role. The book concludes by offering suggestions on how education and training programs for MPs, and by extension the performance of parliaments, could be improved.

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