Browsing by Author "Ndoile, Monica"
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Item COST EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF AZO DYES BY USING CASHEW NUT SHELL LIQUID (CNSL)(2018) Mathias, Yohana; Ndoile, Monica; Mgani, QuintinoThe synthesis and dyeing properties of two types of azo dyes are reported in this paper. The two types of dyes were obtained from coupling of amino cardanol with unsaturated anacardic acid [ACUSA (Aminocardanol unsaturated anacardic acid)] and saturated anacardic acid [ACSA (Aminocardanol saturated anacardic acid)] separately. Both, anacardic acid and aminocardanol were obtained from CNSL as their source material. ACSA dyes were solid and dark brown while ACUSA were gelatinous and dark red. The performance of both ACUSA and ACSA dyes was moderate on textile fabrics with varying cotton content. The dyeing efficiency of the ACUSA was better than that of ACSA. ACUSA dyes had 33% total extent of fixation on the 100% cotton fabrics and 27% for 35% cotton and 65% polyester content fabrics. Likewise, 13% total extent of fixation was observed for ACSA on 100% cotton fabrics and 12% on 35% cotton and 65% polyester fabrics. While ACUSA had a fair fastness to washing on 100% cotton fabrics, the rest had poor fastness. Successful synthesis of azo dyes starting from CNSL as the only carbon source demonstrates further the versatility of this renewable resource as an industrial raw material.Item Cytotoxic and antimalarial biflavonoids isolated from the aerial parts of Ochna serrulata (Hochst.) Walp(2018) Ndoile, Monica; Van Heerden, FanieThis paper reports the phytochemistry and biological activities (antimalarial and cytotoxicity) of compounds isolated from aerial parts of Ochna serrulata. Silica gel chromatography followed by repeated chromatotron on the stem bark extract of the plant yielded a new dimeric chalcone (5-deoxyurundeuvine C) along with lophirone C, lophirone A, afzelone B, epicatechin, methyl (2′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate and a mixture of campylospermone A and isocampylospermone A. From the leaves extract, ochnaflavone, 2″,3″-dihydroochnaflavone, vitexin-6″-O-acetate, 3′-methoxyvitexin-6″-O-acetate and (2′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid were isolated and characterized. A cyanoglucoside was isolated from an extract of flowers and fruits of the plant. The proposed structures of the respective new and known compounds were assigned by using 1D and 2D NMR techniques as well as Mass spectrometry. The cytotoxicity activity of the compounds was tested using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay in three different cancer cell lines namely, UACC62 (melanoma), TK 10 (renal), and MCF7 (breast). Ochnaflavone and 3′-methoxyvitexin-6″-O-acetate inhibited the growth of UACC62 at TGI (Total Growth Inhibition concentration) 12.91 and 14.11 µM, respectively. The cytotoxic activities of lophirone C were found to be TGI = 35.63, 11.67 and 30.35 µM, against TK, UACC62 and MCF7 cancer cells respectively. Lophirone A exhibited TGI against these cancer cells at 58.96, 26.23 and 40.01 µM, respectively. The rest of the compounds exhibited no significant cytotoxicity against the three cancer cells. Moreover, the compounds were evaluated for antimalarial activity against FCR-3 (chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum) strains. Ochnaflavone demonstrated the highest activity IC50 = 17.25 µM, followed by lophirone A (29.78 µM), 5-deoxyurundeuvine C (31.07 µM), lophirone C (35.31 µM), afzelone B (39.54 µM), 2″,3″-dihydroochnaflavone (61.86 µM) and 3′-methoxyvitexin-6″-O-acetate (106.35 µM). These results concur with the traditional use of the genus in the treatment of various ailments.Item CYTOTOXIC AND ANTIMALARIAL BIFLAVONOIDS ISOLATED FROM THE AERIAL PARTS OF Ochna Serrulata (Hochst.) WALP(2018) Ndoile, Monica; van Heerden, FanieThis paper reports the phytochemistry and biological activities (antimalarial and cytotoxicity) of compounds isolated from aerial parts of Ochna serrulata. Silica gel chromatography followed by repeated chromatotron on the stem bark extract of the plant yielded a new dimeric chalcone (5-deoxyurundeuvine C) along with lophirone C, lophirone A, afzelone B, epicatechin, methyl (2′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate and a mixture of campylospermone A and isocampylospermone A. From the leaves extract, ochnaflavone, 2″,3″-dihydroochnaflavone, vitexin-6″-O-acetate, 3′-methoxyvitexin-6″-O-acetate and (2′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid were isolated and characterized. A cyanoglucoside was isolated from an extract of flowers and fruits of the plant. The proposed structures of the respective new and known compounds were assigned by using 1D and 2D NMR techniques as well as Mass spectrometry. The cytotoxicity activity of the compounds was tested using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay in three different cancer cell lines namely, UACC62 (melanoma), TK 10 (renal), and MCF7 (breast). Ochnaflavone and 3′-methoxyvitexin-6″-O-acetate inhibited the growth of UACC62 at TGI (Total Growth Inhibition concentration) 12.91 and 14.11 μM, respectively. The cytotoxic activities of lophirone C were found to be TGI = 35.63, 11.67 and 30.35 μM, against TK, UACC62 and MCF7 cancer cells respectively. Lophirone A exhibited TGI against these cancer cells at 58.96, 26.23 and 40.01 μM, respectively. The rest of the compounds exhibited no significant cytotoxicity against the three cancer cells. Moreover, the compounds were evaluated for antimalarial activity against FCR-3 (chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum) strains. Ochnaflavone demonstrated the highest activity IC50 = 17.25 μM, followed by lophirone A (29.78 μM), 5-deoxyurundeuvine C (31.07 μM), lophirone C (35.31 μM), afzelone B (39.54 μM), 2″,3″-dihydroochnaflavone (61.86 μM) and 3′-methoxyvitexin-6″-O-acetate (106.35 μM). These results concur with the traditional use of the genus in the treatment of various ailments.Item Ochnaflavone, a Naturally Occuring Biflavonoid: Pharmacology and Prospects for Future Research(2018) Ndoile, MonicaAims: To profile and address matters surrounding ochnaflavone (1), derivatives and analogues. Methodology: Papers concerning ochnaflavone, derivatives and analogues were accessed from search engines such as google scholar and pubmed. Results: Ochnaflavone and derivatives are compounds bearing ether linkage between the two Brings of the two flavonoid moieties. These compounds are known to possess potent biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti HIV and antimicrobial. Conclusion: In this paper, an overview summary of ochnaflavone, derivatives and analogues from past to present is presented. Thus, the paper provides a sense of focus to researchers; seal breaks the unattended matters, and therefore, spearheads new research areas concerning these compounds.Item ONE-COMPOUND-TWO-PHARMACOPHORES: DESIGN, SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITIES OF CHLOROQUINOLINE-CASSIARIN(2018) Kalenga, Thobias; Ndoile, Monica; Mgani, QuintinoThis paper describes the design and synthesis of a potential antimalarial compound, chloroquinoline-cassiarin (6) using 4,7-dichloroquinoline and the natural product barakol (1) extracted from the leaves of Cassia siamea as starting materials. In this paper a one compound-two-pharmacophores concept is introduced in which coupling of two known pharmacophores into one has been described. The concept is not only useful to organic synthesis but also to drug development researches. The synthesized compound 6 exhibited potent in vitro antimalarial activity at IC50 = 0.51 μM, and low toxicity where at 20 μM, 80% viability of HeLa cells was observed.Item Total Synthesis of Ochnaflavone(2013) Ndoile, Monica; van Heerden, FanieThe first total syntheses of ochnaflavone, an asymmetric biflavone consisting of apigenin and luteolin moieties, and the permethyl ether of 2,3,2'',3''-tetrahydroochnaflavone have been achieved. The key steps in the synthesis of ochnaflavone were the formation of a diaryl ether and ring cyclization of an ether-linked dimeric chalcone to assemble the two flavone nuclei. Optimal experimental conditions for the oxidative cyclization to form ochnaflavone were established.