Browsing by Author "Yovo, Koffi"

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    Wages in Togo. WageIndicator Survey 2012.
    (2012) Tijdens, Kea; Besamusca, Janna; Tingum, Ernest N.; Yovo, Koffi
    This WageIndicator Data Report presents the results of the face-to-face WageIndicator survey in Togo, conducted between the 15th of September and 5th of October 2012. In total 2,007 persons from all administrative regions were interviewed; 49% were men and 43% were under 30 years old. The workers in the survey live in households with on average 3.5 members, and more than five in ten men and three in ten women live with both a partner and children. On a scale from 1 (low) to 10 (high), exactly half of the respondents (50%) rate their satisfaction with life a five or lower and a 20% score an 8 or higher. On average, the interviewees score a 5.5. Slightly more than half of the workers had diplomas from secondary education (51%). Six per cent of workers followed no formal education, 14% stopped at primary education, 19% had a bachelor or master university degree. On average, respondents worked for 8.4 years. More than half of the people in the sample work in an organization with 10 or fewer employees (53%). The average working week of respondents is just over 50 hours and they work 5.7 days per week. Three in ten workers regularly work shifts, six in ten work evenings, six in ten workers report working Saturdays, while two in ten work Sundays. The biggest group of interviewees worked in wholesale and retail trade (19%). More than a tenth (14%) worked in education and half this percentage in human health and social work activities and in financial and insurance activities (both 7%). Half of the workers in the sample are employed as managers, which includes all business owners, including those of micro-enterprises. Sizeable groups of respondents work in services and sales (25%) and as clerical support workers (12%). One in twenty workers is self-employed (5%), almost five in ten workers are employees with a permanent contract (46%), almost two in ten have a fixed term contract (22%) and almost three in ten have no contract at all (27%). Almost four in ten workers (38%) state that they are entitled to social security. One in five workers state that they have no agreed working hours (18%). Almost half get their wages transferred to a bank account, more than half get them cash in hand. Up to 28% of workers are in what can be qualified as very informal jobs, without social security, agreed hours or contracts, whereas 22% are in the very formal jobs. The median net hourly wage of the total sample is 230.95 Togo Franc (CFA). Workers in firms with less than ten employees earn a lot less than employees of bigger firms. The analysis also shows that the more informal a jobs is, the lower the net hourly wages. Those on the lowest end of the informality scale earn only 115 CFA per hour, whereas those in the highest end earn wages far above that (median is 578 CFA). Employees with permanent contracts have by far the highest earnings (366 CFA), whereas workers without a labour contract (117 CFA) have the lowest earnings. Median wages increase with every level of education. Payoffs are small for the first levels of education and increase as the level gets higher. Workers without formal education earn on average 153 CFA, whereas those with university education earn 932 CFA. Managers have the highest median wages (442 CFA), followed by clerical support workers (230 CFA). The lowest paid workers are the service and sales workers (110 CFA), followed by the elementary occupations (169 CFA). The highest wages are earned in the public sector, health care, and education (473 CFA), and the lowest wages in trade, transport, and hospitality (144 CFA). The result of the analysis shows that 65% of the sample is paid on or above the minimum wage rate of 35000 CFA per month, whereas 353% is paid below the minimum wage rate. Only 32% of informal workers are paid above the minimum wage rate compared to 96% of the most formal workers. Men are more often paid above the minimum wage rate than women (68% versus 63%). Workers under 30 years are most vulnerable: 48% is paid on or above the minimum wage rate, compared to 88% of workers above 50 years old. Workers in large firms are most often paid above the minimum wage rate (87%), compared to 51% of workers in firms employing 10 people or less. Workers without a contract are the single most vulnerable group. Just over one third (34%) earn more than the minimum wage rate. Less than four in ten workers with no education and slightly more with elementary education are paid above the minimum wage rate (36% and 37%), compared to 93% and 98% of workers who finished general secondary or university education respectively. More than eight in ten managers are paid above the minimum wage rate (83%). More than eight in ten managers are paid above the minimum wage rate (83%). In contrast, less than four in ten sales and services workers and workers in elementary occupations earn more than the minimum wage rate (37%) and just a few more technicians and associate professionals do (40%). Workers in trade, transport and hospitality are most at risk of being not paid a minimum wage (only 51% paid above the minimum wage rate). Public sector workers are best of; 88% of them earn a wage above the minimum wage rate.