Research Repository :: Browsing by Author "Yanda, Pius Z."

Browsing by Author "Yanda, Pius Z."

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Adaptation to Climate Change - Induced Malaria and Cholera in the Lake Victoria Region
(2007) Yanda, Pius Z.; Wandiga, Shem O.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Opondo, Maggie; Olago, Daniel; Githeko, Andrew; Githui, Faith; Marshall, Michael; Downs, Tim; Opere, A.; Kirumira, Edward; Kathuri, James; Apindi, Eugene; Olaka, Lydia; Olago, L.; Mugambi, Paul; Sigalla, Rehema; Kambuli, R.; Nanyunja, Robinah; Baguma, Timothy; Achola, Pius
Adaptation to Climate Change/VariabilityInduced Highland Malaria and Cholera in the Lake Victoria Region
(AIACC, 2006) Yanda, Pius Z.; Wandiga, Shem O.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Opondo, Maggie; Olago, Dan; Githeko, Andrew; Downs, Tim; Kabumbuli, Robert; Opere, A.; Githui, Faith; Kathuri, James; Olaka, Lydia; Apindi, Eugene; Marshall, Michael; Ogallo, L.; Mugambi, Paul; Kirumira, Edward; Nanyunja, Robinah; Baguma, Timothy; Sigalla, Rehema; Achola, Pius
Global climate change and its interactive components, such as water availability, related vulnerability of natural and socio-economic systems and health, changes in land use, as well as availability, quality, quantity of water and related policies, affects human wellbeing. The apparent correlation between disease outbreaks, such as malaria, cholera, rift valley fever, and meningitis—all of which are sensitive to climate variability (McCarthy et al., 2001)—and the strong El Niño years, e.g., 1982–1983 and the 1997–1998 events indicates a causal link between climate and health. Integrated climate-disease models show that rates of infections can be affected by climatic anomalies.
Adapting to Climate Change in Africa
(2011) Gwary, D.; Nogoye, T.; Ngana, J. O.; Zakieldeen, S. A.; Yanda, Pius Z.; Ojjo-Massawa, E.; Githeko, Andrew; Ruppel, Olivier; Ngana, T.; Francis, Julius
Adapting to Climate Change in Africa:Opportunities for Africa to Participate and Benefit from Investment in Adaptation for Sustainable Development.
(2011) Ojjo-Massawa, E.; Balgis, O.; Githeko, Andrew; Ruppel, O.; Yanda, Pius Z.; Njenga, C.
Africa Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(Cambridge University Press, 2008) Boko, M.; Niang, I.; Nyong, A.; Vogel, A.; Githeko, Andrew; Medany, M.; Osman-Elasha, B.; Tabo, R.; Yanda, Pius Z.
Climate Change 2007 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date scientific assessment of the impacts of climate change, the vulnerability of natural and human environments, and the potential for response through adaptation. The report: • evaluates evidence that recent observed changes in climate have already affected a variety of physical and biological systems and concludes that these effects can be attributed to global warming; • makes a detailed assessment of the impacts of future climate change and sea-level rise on ecosystems, water resources, agriculture and food security, human health, coastal and low-lying regions and industry and settlements; • provides a complete new assessment of the impacts of climate change on major regions of the world (Africa, Asia, Australia/New Zealand, Europe, Latin America, North America, polar regions and small islands); • considers responses through adaptation; • explores the synergies and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation; • evaluates the key vulnerabilities to climate change, and assesses aggregate damage levels and the role of multiple stresses. This latest assessment by the IPCC will form the standard scientific reference for all those concerned with the consequences of climate change, including students and researchers in ecology, biology, hydrology, environmental science, economics, social science, natural resource management, public health, food security and natural hazards, and policymakers and managers in governments, industry and other organisations responsible for resources likely to be affected by climate change
Assessing the Cost of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation by Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania: The Case of Kasulu District
(2013) Mwakaje, Agnes G.; Yanda, Pius Z.; Mung’ong’o, C. G.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.
The impact of climate change on smallholder agriculture has led to different strategies of adaptation and mitigation intending to reduce the risks and GHG emissions. But what is the adaptation and mitigation practices taking place and what are the cost implications for smallholder farmers in poor countries? This study is an attempt to fill this gap. A total of 142 farmers were selected randomly in the two villages of Kasulu District. There was also a consultation with focus groups and key informants. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The findings revealed different strategies for adapting to climate change impacts by smallholder farmers such as planting drought and disease-resistant crops, the application of fertilizers/pesticides, mulching and irrigation. As regards mitigation, the farmers were sensitized to avoid deforestation and farming on river banks and catchment areas and to plant trees. Nevertheless, the cost of undertaking these activities was found to be high and poor farmers were incurring more costs than benefits. For successful and cost-effective adaptation and mitigation efforts by poor smallholder farmers there should be capacity building and supportive policies. These may include access to credit, timely and accurate climate information, improved infrastructure, environmental education and access to extension services.
Assessing the Cost of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation by Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania: the Case of Kasulu District.
(2013) Mwakaje, Agnes G.; Yanda, Pius Z.; Mung'ong'o, Claude G.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.
The impact of climate change on smallholder agriculture has led to different strategies of adaptation and mitigation intending to reduce the risks and GHG emissions. But what is the adaptation and mitigation practices taking place and what are the cost implications for smallholder farmers in poor countries? This study is an attempt to fill this gap. A total of 142 farmers were selected randomly in the two villages of Kasulu District. There was also a consultation with focus groups and key informants. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The findings revealed different strategies for adapting to climate change impacts by smallholder farmers such as planting drought and disease-resistant crops, the application of fertilizers/pesticides, mulching and irrigation. As regards mitigation, the farmers were sensitized to avoid deforestation and farming on river banks and catchment areas and to plant trees. Nevertheless, the cost of undertaking these activities was found to be high and poor farmers were incurring more costs than benefits. For successful and cost-effective adaptation and mitigation efforts by poor smallholder farmers there should be capacity building and supportive policies. These may include access to credit, timely and accurate climate information, improved infrastructure, environmental education and access to extension services.
Classification of Soil Degradation Intensity as a Basis for Soil and Water Conservation Strategy in semi-arid and Sub-humid Areas: An example from Mwisanga Catchment, Kondoa, Central Tanzania.
(1997) Yanda, Pius Z.
Climate change and conflict. Conflict-sensitive climate change adaptation in Africa
(2011-11) Yanda, Pius Z.; Bronkhorst, S.
Climatic and socio-economic influences on malaria and cholera risks in the Lake Victoria region of Tanzania
(IJEE, 2005-06) Yanda, Pius Z.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Sigalla, R.
This paper examines the relationships between socio-economic characteristics, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate-induced malaria and cholera in the Lake Victoria region, Tanzania. It focuses on the Biharamulo and Muleba Districts of the Kagera Region, located in the northwestern part of the country. The paper also aims at informing policy-making in response to climate change that is related to malaria and cholera. A variety of methods were employed in the collection and analysis of data for this study, including collection of secondary data, participatory discussions and stakeholder workshops, household interviews, and field observations. Data analysis was undertaken using the SPSS software. A random sample of 300 households was interviewed, 150 from each of the two villages (Bugarama and Chato), representing malaria and cholera case studies respectively. Interviews were undertaken with the heads of households. However, where other members of the household were present they were free to contribute. We selected these two villages because they are in areas with conditions suitable for studying highland malaria and cholera, respectively.
Climatic, socio-economic, and health factors affecting human vulnerability to cholera in the Lake Victoria basin, East Africa
(Springer, 2007-03) Olago, Daniel; Marshall, Michael; Wandiga, Shem O.; Opondo, Maggie; Yanda, Pius Z.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Githeko, Andrew; Downs, Tim; Opere, A.; Kabumbuli, Robert; Kirumira, Edward; Ogallo, L.; Mugambi, Paul; Apindi, Eugene; Githui, Faith; Kathuri, James; Olaka, Lydia; Sigalla, Rehema; Nanyunja, Robinah; Baguma, Timothy; Achola, Pius
Cholera epidemics have a recorded history in the eastern Africa region dating to 1836. Cholera is now endemic in the Lake Victoria basin, a region with one of the poorest and fastest growing populations in the world. Analyses of precipitation, temperatures, and hydrological characteristics of selected stations in the Lake Victoria basin show that cholera epidemics are closely associated with El Niño years. Similarly, sustained temperatures high above normal (Tmax) in two consecutive seasons, followed by a slight cooling in the second season, trigger an outbreak of a cholera epidemic. The health and socioeconomic systems that the lake basin communities rely upon are not robust enough to cope with cholera outbreaks, thus rendering them vulnerable to the impact of climate variability and change. Collectively, this report argues that communities living around the Lake Victoria basin are vulnerable to climate-induced cholera that is aggravated by the low socioeconomic status and lack of an adequate health care system. In assessing the communities' adaptive capacity, the report concludes that persistent levels of poverty have made these communities vulnerable to cholera epidemics.
Crisis in the wetlands: Combined stresses in a changing climate–Experience from Tanzania
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2012) Hamisia, Hamudu I.; Tumbo, Madaka; Kalumanga, Elikana; Yanda, Pius Z.
Climate variability and change has led to multifaceted stresses and compounded socio-environmental problems. Using the example of Simiyu wetlands in Tanzania, this article analyses the complexity and inter-connectedness of climate-related mal-adaptation and coping strategies and their implications. Various study methods were used, including consultative meetings, stakeholders workshops, a literature review, household questionnaires and land use cover and change analysis. Reactive coping and adaptation strategies have resulted in increased risks to livelihoods and the environment. Responses to climate variability and change in the study are complex, leading to amplified chain reactions. Extreme weather events, particularly droughts, have led people and herds of livestock to migrate into the wetlands. Environmental degradation is alarming. More than 42 per cent of natural vegetation in the study area has been wiped out in a span of 15 years. As a result, poor people whose livelihoods derive from the wetlands have suffered. The present institutional arrangements have failed to integrate the community's coping and adaptation strategies into wetlands management. Emerging conflicts among wetland users are intensifying environmental and community risks. This article emphasizes that, in a changing climate, wetlands need to be managed through flexible institutional and management frameworks that cross sectoral boundaries and involve all affected parties
Declining Soil Fertility: A Challenge For Sustainable Productivity of Land Under Cashew Farms, Southern Areas Of Tanzania
(Journal of Tanzania Geographical Association, 2001) Majule, Amos; Shishira, E. K.; Yanda, Pius Z.
Development of an integrated water resources management plan for the Lake Manyara sub-basin, Northern Tanzania
(Pergamon, 2003) Ngana, J. O.; Mwalyosi, R. B. B.; Madulu, N. F.; Yanda, Pius Z.
Water resources management in Lake Manyara sub-basin is an issue of very high significance as the sub-basin hosts a number of national and global assets of great socio-cultural, ecological and economic values. The sub-basin comprise of a Biosphere Reserve with boosting tourism from Lake Manyara National Park with a variety of wildlife population, large livestock population and highly fertile land for agricultural production. The prevailing system of uncoordinated water resources management in the sub-basin cannot sustain the ever increasing water needs of the various expanding sectors, therefore a strategy must be sought to integrate the various sectoral needs against the available water resources in order to attain both economic and ecological sustainability. Through participatory approach with the stakeholders, the study has established key issues, demonstrated considerable experience in water resources management in the sub-basin including existence of water boards, water committees in some districts as well as land resources management practices However, a number of constraints were noted which inhibit sustainable water resources management including ignorance of water policies, conflicting sectoral policies, lack of coordination between sectors, high in migration rates into the basin, heavy in migration of livestock, conflicts between sectors, poor land use resulting in soil erosion and sedimentation, lack of comprehensive data base on water resources and water needs for : domestic, tourism, livestock, irrigation, wild life and environmental flows. As a way forward it was recommended that a basin wide legally mandated body (involving all levels) be established to oversee water use in the sub-basin. Other strategies include capacity building of stakeholders on water natural resources management policies, water rights and enforcement of laws. This progress report paper highlights the wealth of knowledge that stakeholders possess on water resources management and using that platform develop a participatory Integrated water resources management where roles and responsibilities are ironed out.
Drying of Lake Jipe: Is it a Climatic and/or Human-induced Phenomenon?
(IJEE, 2007) Yanda, Pius Z.
East African food security as influenced by future climate change and land use change at local to regional scales
(Springer, 2012) Moore, Nathan; Alagarswamy, Gopal; Pijanowski, Bryan; Thornton, Philip; Yanda, Pius Z.; Lofgren, Brent; Olson, Jennifer; Andresen, Jeffrey; Qi, J.
Climate change impacts food production systems, particularly in locations with large, vulnerable populations. Elevated greenhouse gases (GHG), as well as land cover/land use change (LCLUC), can influence regional climate dynamics. Biophysical factors such as topography, soil type, and seasonal rainfall can strongly affect crop yields. We used a regional climate model derived from the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) to compare the effects of projected future GHG and future LCLUC on spatial variability of crop yields in East Africa. Crop yields were estimated with a process-based simulation model. The results suggest that: (1) GHG-influenced and LCLUC-influenced yield changes are highly heterogeneous across this region; (2) LCLUC effects are significant drivers of yield change; and (3) high spatial variability in yield is indicated for several key agricultural sub-regions of East Africa. Food production risk when considered at the household scale is largely dependent on the occurrence of extremes, so mean yield in some cases may be an incomplete predictor of risk. The broad range of projected crop yields reflects enormous variability in key parameters that underlie regional food security; hence, donor institutions’ strategies and investments might benefit from considering the spatial distribution around mean impacts for a given region. Ultimately, global assessments of food security risk would benefit from including regional and local assessments of climate impacts on food production. This may be less of a consideration in other regions. This study supports the concept that LCLUC is a first-order factor in assessing food production risk.
The extended baseline perspective - utilising landscape information to analyse and predict environmental change: A Tanzanian example
(Ambio, 1999) Strömquist, L.; Yanda, Pius Z.; Lindberg, C.; Msemwa, P.; Simonsson-Forsberg, L.
Financing Climate Change in Africa
(2011) Yanda, Pius Z.; Bubu, P. J.; Ojjo-Massawa, E.; Fadhi, F. B.; Thomas, E.; Downing, T. E.
Food Production Impacts of Climate Change and Land Use Change in East Africa, Eos Trans
(2008) Alagarswamy, Gopal; Moore, N.; Lofgren, B.; Pijanowski, B.; Thornton, P.; Olson, J. M.; Andresen, Jeffrey; Yanda, Pius Z.; Qi, J.
Forestry conservation and resource utilisation on the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro: trends, conflicts and resolutions.
(Dar es Salaam University Press (DUP), 2001) Shishira, E. K.; Yanda, Pius Z.
Analysis of land cover and land use changes, using aerial photos taken in 1952 and 1982, demonstrates that the area coverage of the natural forest on the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, north-eastern Tanzania, has decreased by about 41 km2. Some areas which were under natural forest in 1952 were under cultivation or degraded types of vegetation in 1982. The most affected areas are located along the edges of the forest reserve. Forest degradation prior to 1952 was mainly due to timber harvesting by big companies. Recent observations showed that population increase in the area has enhanced pressure on the forest through activities such as charcoal making and collection of various products (building poles, fuelwood, fodder). Illegal timber harvesting is common within the forest reserve. Vegetation degradation has caused soil erosion and general land degradation in some parts of the study area. There are 2 categories of forest reserves; the catchment forest and the productive zone. The catchment forest, aimed at conservation, is managed directly by the state. The productive zone (buffer zone) is a 0.5-mile strip along the southern and eastern edge of the forest where local people can harvest products (fuelwood, animal fodder, building poles, wood). The catchment forest and 0.5-mile strip have been under different management systems with varying objectives, some of which enhanced degradation.

Browsing by Author "Yanda, Pius Z."

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