Browsing by Author "Washa, W. B. A."
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Item The Effect of Moisture and Seed Treatment on the In- Situ and Ex-Situ Regeneration of Dalbergia Melanoxylon (African Blackwood) in Pugu Forest Reserve(2014) Washa, W. B. A.; Nyomora, Agnes M. S.Abstract: A study was conducted to investigate the effect of moisture and seed treatment on the in-situ and ex-situ regeneration of Dalbergia melanoxylon in Pugu forest reserve. Seed germination experiments was conducted for three months between November and December 2005 in the nursery Botany Department of the University of Dare s Salaam while seedling growth rate measurements were conducted for 12 months between January and December 2006 in the Pugu forest reserve. A total of 2 kg of D. melanoxy seeds collected from Pugu forest reserve and some from Tanzania Tree Seed Agency (TTSA) were used for seed germination experiments. A total of 25 seedlings approximately 2 years old were randomly chosen from Pugu forest reserve for seedling growth rate experiments. A split plot experimental design was used for seed germination in the nursery where soaked and non-soaked seeds stood for main plot and different moisture level treatments stood for subplot. Parameters recorded were germination dates, germination percentages, seedling increase in height and seedling increase in girth. Manual computation of data was accomplished according to Zar, 1988 where LSD was used for mean separation to determine statistical differences between treatment means. Tables and Figures were used to facilitate presentation and discussion of results. Data analysis led to the conclusion that, a moderate ex-situ moisture level of 200ml in a 1L pot per day effectively promoted seed germination up to 21% in seeds previously soaked in water for 6 hours compared to high moisture treatment of 300ml in a 1L pot per day which effected seed germination only by 11.6%.. The maximum in-situ growth rate was concluded to be 0.01 cm/month. The study revealed that seeds and young seedlings of D. melanoxylon are vulnerable to high moisture level while older trees are water and light demanding. It was recommended that future researches should endeavour to increase seed viability by harvesting them immediately from their maturity and storage in sealed containers, conducting tissue culture to manipulate seedlings and hybridization experiments with related species to reduce growth period.Item Improving propagation success of D. Melanoxylon (African blackwood) in Tanzania (I)(Tanzania Journal of Science, 2012-03-15) Washa, W. B. A.; Nyomora, A. M. S.; Lyaruu, H. V. M.Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill & Perr is a plant with quality wood in the World and therefore is over harvested for timber while its regeneration capacity is very low. The propagation techniques such as tissue culture or use of mycorrhiza have not been investigated which instigated conduction of this study by investigating the presence of mycorrhiza that might be useful for its regeneration. Some 120kg of soil and 120 roots of D. melanoxylon from Kilwa, Kilosa and Babati were sampled to identify mycorrhiza related with regeneration of the species. Cleaning the tissues was done by soaking the root pieces in 1.79M KOH, and 0.1M Hcl. Staining was done using 0.05% Trypan blue and de-staining in 14:1:1 lactic acid: glycerol: water and mounting on slides for observation. Soil was soaked in water overnight and the mycorrhiza was separated using a stereo microscope at 50X. Separated mycorrhiza were incubated for observation using a compound microscope at 400X. Twenty six (26) ECM resembling Inocybe and Laccaria sp were isolated from the root pieces and 18 VAM resembling Glomus species were isolated from soil. It is recommended that future research should investigate proper inoculum types and time for inoculating the species in nurseries for propagation.Item Improving Propagation Success of D. Melanoxylon (African Blackwood) In Tanzania (II): Rooting Ability of Stem and Root Cuttings of Dalbergia Melanoxylon (African Blackwood) In Response to Rooting Media Sterilization in Tanzania(2012) Washa, W. B. A.; Nyomora, Agnes M. S.; Lyaruu, H. M. V.Dalbergia melanoxylon is a plant with valuable wood in the world and therefore is over harvested for timber while its regeneration is very low. The propagation efforts by techniques such as tissue culture or mycorrhiza have not been investigated which instigated conduction of this study. Soil and cuttings were collected from Kilwa, Kilosa and Babati for rooting test, potting media and soil characterization. The results showed that fresh soil improved rooting characteristics while sterilized soil did not due to the presence of mycorrhiza in fresh soil compared to none in sterilized media. The overall rooting in fresh soil in non-mist propagator was higher, 100% for softwood and 37% for root cuttings while none rooted in the open nursery. The results revealed that there was no significant correlation between rooting and collection sites while cutting type and the soil type used significantly influenced rooting. Softwood cuttings that weighed less than 15g significantly increased rooting at (P < 0.05) compared to cuttings that weighed above 15g. It was recommended to propagate Dalbergia melanoxylon using softwood cuttings placed in a non-mist propagator and using fresh soil infected with mycorrhiza.Item Improving propagation success of D. Melanoxylon (African blackwood) in Tanzania (II): Rooting ability of stem and root cuttings of Dalbergia melanoxylon (African blackwood) in response to rooting media sterilization in Tanzania(Tanzania Journal of Science, 2012-03-15) Washa, W. B. A.; Nyomora, A. M. S.; Lyaruu, H. V. M.Dalbergia melanoxylon is a plant with valuable wood in the world and therefore is over harvested for timber while its regeneration is very low. The propagation efforts by techniques such as tissue culture or mycorrhiza have not been investigated which instigated conduction of this study. Soil and cuttings were collected from Kilwa, Kilosa and Babati for rooting test, potting media and soil characterization. The results showed that fresh soil improved rooting characteristics while sterilized soil did not due to the presence of mycorrhiza in fresh soil compared to none in sterilized media. The overall rooting in fresh soil in non-mist propagator was higher, 100% for softwood and 37% for root cuttings while none rooted in the open nursery. The results revealed that there was no significant correlation between rooting and collection sites while cutting type and the soil type used significantly influenced rooting. Softwood cuttings that weighed less than 15g significantly increased rooting at (P < 0.05) compared to cuttings that weighed above 15g. It was recommended to propagate Dalbergia melanoxylon using softwood cuttings placed in a non-mist propagator and using fresh soil infected with mycorrhiza.Item Improving propagation success of Dalbegia melanoxylon (African blackwood) in Tanzania (I): Characterization of mycorrhizal associated with D. melanoxylon (African blackwood) in Tanzania(2012) Washa, W. B. A.; Nyomora, Agnes M. S.; Lyaruu, H. M. V.Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill & Perr is a plant with quality wood in the World and therefore is over harvested for timber while its regeneration capacity is very low. The propagation techniques such as tissue culture or use of mycorrhiza have not been investigated which instigated conduction of this study by investigating the presence of mycorrhiza that might be useful for its regeneration. Some 120kg of soil and 120 roots of D. melanoxylon from Kilwa, Kilosa and Babati were sampled to identify mycorrhiza related with regeneration of the species. Cleaning the tissues was done by soaking the root pieces in 1.79M KOH, and 0.1M Hcl. Staining was done using 0.05% Trypan blue and de-staining in 14:1:1 lactic acid: glycerol: water and mounting on slides for observation. Soil was soaked in water overnight and the mycorrhiza was separated using a stereo microscope at 50X. Separated mycorrhiza were incubated for observation using a compound microscope at 400X. Twenty six (26) ECM resembling Inocybe and Laccaria sp were isolated from the root pieces and 18 VAM resembling Glomus species were isolated from soil. It is recommended that future research should investigate proper inoculum types and time for inoculating the species in nurseries for propagation