Browsing by Author "Shoko, A.P."
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Item Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension. In: Mgaya, Y.D. and Mahongo, S.B. (Editors), Lake Victoria Fisheries Resources: Research and Management in Tanzania.(Springer, 2017-11-29) Shoko, A.P.; Mgaya, Y.D.; Samwel Mchele Limbu; Hoza, R.The dwindling catch from Lake Victoria has caused an insufficient fish supply to the population of the Lake Victoria basin, Tanzania. The decrease in catch rates and demand for fish has created room for fish farming practices at both small and commercial scales in the Lake Basin. This chapter provides a result-oriented status of aquaculture research and development efforts made by the government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the Lake Basin from the colonial era to the present. The chapter also highlights strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges (SWOCs) to aquaculture development in the basin. Results show that the basin has a high potential for fish farming development due to suitable characteristics for fish farming. Fishponds are the common culture system used in fish farming in the basin. The ponds are stocked with either Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus or African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus, reared in monoculture or polyculture. A system of integrated aquaculture-agriculture (IAA) farming is also practised in some areas of the basin. The yield from the lake basin has increased with time due to improved pond management techniques. However, more room is available for further increase pending the adoption of technology and improved extension services. Fish farming could help to reduce fishing pressure on capture fisheries in the main lake and contribute significantly to the conservation of the lake’s biodiversity. Ultimately, fish farming will generate income for the people, which is in line with the government’s efforts to alleviate poverty in the country.Item Growth performance, yields and economic benefits of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and kales Brassica oleracea cultured under vegetable-fish culture integration.(2011) Shoko, A.P.; Getabu, A.; Mwayuli, G.; Mgaya, Yunus D.An experiment was conducted for 210 days to demonstrate the role of vegetable-fish culture integration in the growth, yields and economic benefits of fish and vegetables. Two 200 m2 earthen fishponds were stocked with Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus at 20,000 fish fingerlings per hectare. Pond A was fertilized with chicken manure and stocked fish fed on 35% crude protein supplementary diet referred to here as treated fish pond (TFP). Another fish pond was not fertilized and the fish stocked in it did not receive any supplementary diet referred to here as non treated fish pond (NTFP). Twelve vegetable plots of 7.2 x 3 m were planted with kale seedlings at a spacing of 0.45 x 0.6 m. The first, second and third sets of three vegetable plots were irrigated by water from stream (SW), treated fish pond (TFP) and non treated fish pond (NTFP) respectively. The last three vegetable plots were not irrigated (NI). Sampling of kale leaves was done by removal of the lowest three leaves per plant every four days. Results showed that fish reared under integrated systems attained significantly higher growth than those reared under non integrated systems (t-test, t=14.38, d.f. = 118, P<0.001). One way Analysis of Variance showed a significant difference in kale leaf yields and income (ANOVA: F=63.17; P<0.05; d.f.=3) among plots receiving different sources of water with plots receiving water from treated fish pond (TFP) attaining highest yield and income. Gross and net yields of 2,806.969±198 and 2706.569±194 2 kgha-1 (for fish) and 51,970.49 and 51,968.63 kgha-1 (for vegetables) respectively attained were highest from integrated than non-integrated systems. Partial enterprise budget analysis showed that net returns were higher from integrated than non integrated systems. Results from this study demonstrate that fish farmers could improve yields and profits by integrating fish farming with other on-farm activities.Item The status and development of aquaculture in Tanzania, east Africa(2011) Shoko, A.P.; Lamtane, H.A.; Wetengere, K.; Kajitanus, O.O.; Msuya, Flower E.; Mmochi, Aviti J.; Mgaya, Yunus D.Except for commercial seaweed farming that employs 15,000 – 20,000 people, aquaculture in Tanzania is primarily small-scale rural initiative characterized by small ponds with size ranging from 150 to 500 m2. About 17,740 people are involved in aquaculture with 14,740 practicing freshwater fish farming and 3,000 in mariculture. Current cultured species include tilapia, catfish, milkfish, trout, crabs, pearl oysters and prawns. The government through the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development established a Directorate of Aquaculture Division to strengthen aquaculture. The directorate has already put in place a National Aquaculture Development Strategy (NADS). It is also strengthening the existing freshwater hatchery centres particularly the ones which produce Nile tilapia and catfish fingerlings in Morogoro Region. During the 2000s there have been improvements in the aquaculture sector in terms of training and research. During this period Bachelor degree programmes were initiated at Sokoine University of Agriculture and the University of Dar es Salaam. Also a Diploma Programme was initiated at Mbegani Fisheries Development Centre. The University of Dar as Salaam, Sokoine University of Agriculture, and Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute have been undertaking research both on-station and on-farm in collaboration with farmers and some Non Governmental Organizations. However, despite these initiatives, the sector is still facing several challenges including unavailability of quantity and quality seed and feed, difficult marketing environment (especially seaweed), inadequate credit facilities and poor extension services. In this article the current status and development of aquaculture in Tanzania are reviewed. Suggestions on the way forward for improving aquaculture in the country are also given.