Browsing by Author "Shalli, Mwanahija. S."
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Item Legal and Institutional Framework for Effective Management of Marine Managed Areas in Tanzania, Zanzibar Report(2012-01-01) Bernice, McLean; Abdul-Nasser, Hamed H.; Mangora, Mwita M.; Shalli, Mwanahija. S.The Swahili people in Zanzibar have traditionally depended heavily on sailing and fishing in the waters of the Indian Ocean for livelihood. Zanzibar’s marine and coastal environments are comprised of an interconnected variety of complex ecosystems. These ecosystems have supported and shaped the local culture, economy and social well-being of coastal Zanzibaris. The healthy functioning and continuous provision of goods and services by Zanzibar’s marine ecosystems rely on the wise management and protection of its essential habitats and resources. A few key actions are required to ensure that the direct and indirect benefits provided by the ocean are maintained into the future. Perhaps one of the most critical needs is to strengthen the legal and institutional framework for sustainable management and protection of marine and coastal resources and to ensure effective implementation of the laws and regulations.Item Livelihoods of Coastal Communities in Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park, Tanzania(Springer, 2014) Mangora, Mwita M.; Shalli, Mwanahija. S.; Msangameno, Daudi J.Marine protected areas (MPAs) are created to manage people’s behavior in their use of coastal and marine resources. Although MPAs have strived to deliver the objects of resource protection, they often face challenges in translating the accrued benefits into enhanced livelihoods of local communities in and around their areas of jurisdiction. We used Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park (MBREMP) in Tanzania to appraise the scenario of pro-poor conservation. The purpose of comparison between park and non-park villages was done to verify the hypothesis that establishment and operations of MPAs impairs local socio-economic practices without robust provision of alternative livelihood safety nets. Agriculture remains a persistent livelihood occupation both in park and non-park villages. Artisanal fishing is a substantial livelihood occupation in seafront villages but a secondary activity in overall. Income and expenditure patterns indicated that non-park villages are better-off with significantly high income to expenditure ratios. Fishing make the most contribution to income in sea front villages as agriculture is doing in non-fishing villages. Impacts on livelihoods emanate from disrupted resource use patterns which significantly influence the communities’ perception on need, role and overall acceptance of the marine park. Traditional access and user rights are marred by MPA operations putting at stake livelihood security of the communities therein. Alternative strategies have not yet been given due thrust and local communities remain insecure in accessing political assets such as cooperatives, community credit schemes and financial assets such as government and/or commercial banking sponsored schemes and loans. Local communities are already carrying the costs of denied access to livelihood sources, but the marine park is not quick enough to translate the accrued value and benefit of the improved resource base in enhancing local communities’ livelihood and welfare. Reducing pressure on marine resources through sound management interventions will have to be accompanied by mitigating measures to safeguard household food security, such as compensation, and developing alternative sources of income. There is still considerable polarization between conservation and socio-economic welfare of the people. MPAs sould focus on combining resource management with livelihood opportunities that provide economic benefits in the short-run to address economic disruptions emanating from disrupted access to the once common resources.Item Local Adaptation Investment Planning in Zanzibar A Baseline Review of Policy and Institutional Framework(2015-02) Mangora, Mwita M.; Shalli, Mwanahija. S.; Kaur, Nanki; Jumah, Soud M.; Mwita, Fauzia; Bakar, SalimZanzibar is comprised of the islands of Unguja and Pemba surrounded by numerous other islets along the East African coast. Due to their geographical position and limited land area, Zanzibar is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Sea level change, extreme events and sea water intrusion into underground aquifers are important threats. Sea level rise for instance, is anticipated to lead to coastal inundation in some places, reducing the already limited land area, accelerating beach erosion, and degrading coastal resources like mangroves and coral reefs which support and sustain fisheries and the tourism industry. Low adaptive capacity that emanate from the government’s low economic capacity to respond to the impacts is not only a threat to the projected achievement of sustainable development and poverty reduction but also has the potential to reverse the modest social and economic development gains that Zanzibar has achieved so far. This scooping report presents a baseline analysis of the policy, organizational and institutional framework of Zanzibar in support of adaptation and resilience to climate change with a particular focus on planning, decision-making, budgeting and M&E procedures and processes for local level interventions where the impacts are most felt.Item Project Evaluation Report for the Environment, Development, Governance and Education (EDGE) Project Along the Songas Pipeline(Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG), 2012-05) Mangora, Mwita M.; Shalli, Mwanahija. S.Item Sacred Mangrove Forests: Who Bears the Pride?(Springer, 2014) Mangora, Mwita M.; Shalli, Mwanahija. S.While mangroves have since been regarded as natural wastelands, the need for their conservation is strongly felt today as their invaluable services and functions are being unveiled primarily due to increasing demand for their products and the forest land. Appraising various models of management institutions to enhance conservation and sustainability of these valuable resources has thus been advocated over the recent past. Social taboos exist in most cultures, and they demonstrate forms of informal institutions, where traditional norms, rather than state institutions (laws, regulations), determine human behavior toward exploitation of natural resources. Despite the ill-recognition of these traditional management practices by the state organs, traditional communities have for centuries maintained these practices to ensure the survival of the forests on grounds of spiritual and ecological values. In this chapter we reviewed the state of knowledge of the functional conservation values of sacred mangrove forests in Tanzania and how they are being conceived as models for the promotion of community based conservation (CBC). The discussion is based on the perspectives of forest dependency, traditional access and use rights, traditional ecological knowledge, socio-ecological integration of culture and forest, and the traditional power relations. We argue that traditional people, who have maintained strong ties to their cultural norms and kept the sacred groves outshining the contemporary models of conservation, should bear the pride and honor in the renaissance of conservation tenets.Item Shoreline Change in Tanzania and Kenya: Manual for Assessment and Design of Mitigation Strategie(WIOMSA, 2015-01) Shaghude, Yohanna W.; Mburu, J. W.; Arthurton, Russell; Dubi, Alfonse M.; Gachuiri, S.; Kangwe, J.; Magori, C.; Msuya, Flower E.; Nyandwi, Ntahondi; Ochiewo, J.; Ong'anda, H.; Sallema, R.; Sanga, I.; Shalli, Mwanahija. S.; Uku, J.The aim of the manual is to raise awareness of the complex causes of, and the issues and risks associated with, shoreline change at local and national scales in Tanzania and Kenya, but also within the context of the WIO region. A greater awareness and application of shoreline planning and management can benefit coastal stakeholders, livelihoods, as well as local and national economies. The manual promotes the management of risks associated with shoreline change within the context of ICAM, with an emphasis on protecting the natural capital of the region’s coastal areas.Item Socio-Economic Profiles of Communities Adjacent to Tanga Marine Reserve Systems, Tanzania: Key Ingredients to General Management Planning(2012-02-20) Mangora, Mwita M.; Shalli, Mwanahija. S.The aim of the present study was to appraise socio-economic profiles and dependence on coastal and marine resources of communities adjacent to the newly established Tanga Marine Reserve systems (TMRs) as a key element that will inform development of a General Management Plan (GMP) for the reserves. Establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been sought as viable measures to prevent coastal and marine resources degradation whilst ensuring viable livelihoods options for local communities. A total of 140 household interviews and seven semi-structured key informant in-depth interviews were administered in seven representative villages. Fishing (inclusive of fish vending) and agriculture were common occupations, which quite often overlapped. The limitations to community development were rooted in lack of modern equipment and technological advancement for fisheries and agriculture. These emanated from limited access to capital and markets. Illiteracy was also implicated in the deterioration of livelihoods in most households. Household expenditure to income ratio indicated that, household budgets are vulnerable to deficits and that rival and recurrent expense items like food drew the majority of household income. Enhancement and diversification of livelihoods occupations is one of viable management strategies to be incorporated into the GMP for TMRs because predominant fishers may gradually shift to off-fishing occupations. A robust transition is therefore pertinent. Some of the eminent examples for consideration as alternative sources of income are suggested.