Browsing by Author "Shalli, Mwanahija S."

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    A Comparative Analysis of the SocioEconomics of Seaweed Farming in Two Villages along the Mainland Coast of Tanzania
    (Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association, 2007) Crawford, Brian; Shalli, Mwanahija S.
    Seaweed farming has become a well developed industry in Tanzania over the last decade. It is a significant export earner as well as an income and employment generator in coastal communities where it is practiced. The Tanzanian government has called for the aggressive expansion of seaweed farming in the recently adopted national Seaweed Development Strategic Plan (SDSP 2005). It targets the expansion of the “cottonni” variety of seaweed which commands a higher farm gate price than the “spinosum” variety. However, spinosum is more widely grown within the country at present than cottonnii which faces the die-off problems, The die off cycle of the cottonnii variety typically occurs after the heavy rainy season (March to May) and most likely due to water salinity, sedimentation from run-off and/or temperature differentials during this period (Mmochi et al. 2005). In order to help promote the expansion of the seaweed sector, a better understanding of how coastal communities adapt and incorporate seaweed farming into the mix of household livelihood activities is needed along with assessments of the relative advantages and disadvantages of the two varieties of farmed seaweed. In addition, seaweed farming is often promoted as an “alternative” livelihood that can help reduce pressure on overexploited nearshore and small-scale fisheries. However, few empirical studies have been conducted to assess the degree that seaweed farming actually functions as an alternative. This paper attempts to shed light on these issues. It compares two communities, one which exclusively grows the cottonni variety of seaweed and another that grows only the spinosum variety of seaweed.
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    A Comparative Economic Analysis of Two Seaweed Farming Methods in Tanzania
    (Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association, 2007-01) Msuya, Flower E.; Shalli, Mwanahija S.; Sullivan, Karen A.; Crawford, Brian; Tobey, James; Mmochi, Aviti J.
    Seaweed farming has become an established aquaculture industry in Tanzania over the last decade. It is a significant export earner as well as an income and employment generator in coastal communities where it is practiced. It is a sustainable form of aquaculture that has particularly benefited women and contributes to the governments’ poverty alleviation program (Bryceson 2002). In Zanzibar, it has become a major source of income for women farmers (Wallevik and Jiddawi 2001). While increasing workload, it also has increased their economic purchasing power as well as created more social empowerment of women (Ako 1997). The Tanzanian government has called for the aggressive expansion of seaweed farming in the recently adopted Seaweed Development Strategic Plan (SDSP 2005). The plan calls for the expansion of Kappaphycus alvarezii commercially known as “cottonii” (Figure 1) which commands a higher farm gate price than Eucheuma denticulatum, commercially known as “spinosum” (Figure 2). However, spinosum is more widely grown within the country since cottonii is more environmentally sensitive, leading to disease problems known as “ice-ice” and die-offs (Doty and Alvarez 1975, Uyenco et al. 1981, Collén et al. 1995, Largo 1998). Farmers have traditionally farmed cottonii using the peg and line method but the mortality rate can be high and following a die-off farmers can spend up to 6 months trying to produce seed rather than farming seaweed (Mmochi et al. 2005, Msuya 2006a). To combat the problem of cottonii die-off that is experienced when the peg and line method is used in Tanzania, the Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems (SUCCESS) Program has introduced the deep-water floating line method to the Msichoke group in Mlingotini village, Bagamoyo District, Tanzania (Mmochi et al. 2005, Msuya 2006a, 2006b). This method has been recommended as a way to increase seaweed production in Tanzania (Rice et al. 2006).
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    Designing a Mangrove Research and Demonstration Forest in the Rufiji Delta, Tanzania
    (2016) Mangora, Mwita M.; Shalli, Mwanahija S.; Semesi, Immaculate S.; Njana, Marco A.; Mwainunu, Emmanuel J.; Otieno, Jared E.; Ntibasubile, Elias; Mallya, Herry C.; Mukama, Kusaga; Wambura, Matiko; Chamuya, Nurdin A.; Trettin, Carl C.; Stringer, Christina E.
    Despite the growing body of literature on science and management of mangroves, there is a considerable knowledge gap and uncertainty at local levels regarding the carbon pool size, variability of carbon sequestration and carbon stocks within mangrove forests, mechanisms that control carbon emissions from degradation of mangrove forests, impacts of conversion to other land uses, challenges and opportunities associated with restoration practices and sustainability of ecosystem services. These concerns are valid globally, but they are particularly important in Africa due to limited research that has been conducted in the continent. The USDA Forest Service (USFS) and the Center for International Forest Research (CIFOR) have completed comprehensive studies on mangrove carbon in the South East Asia (SEA) and the Oceania (Donato and others 2011, Kauffman and others 2011) with financial support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) as part of its Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP). By drawing from the reported findings, lessons and experiences from SWAMP, inter-agency consortiums of academic and research institutions and conservation non-governmental organizations in Tanzania and Mozambique, with technical support from the USFS Center for Forested Wetlands Research and financial assistance of the USAID Africa Bureau, are developing the East Africa Mangrove Carbon Project (EAMCP). This initiative intends to support capacity development, advance scientific knowledge, and improve data collection in the areas of measurement and monitoring of carbon stocks and the impact of utilization and degradation in mangrove forests. Ultimately, EAMCP aims to provide scientific information and capacity to inform effective policy and management actions for the secured future of mangroves in East Africa. The consortium in Tanzania is utilizing the EAMCP opportunity to establish a mangrove research and demonstration forest in the Rufiji Delta (MRDF). This facility will be officially designated and sanctioned within the administering government agency, the Tanzania Forestry Service (TFS). The designation will entail recognition of the site as a special use area, where activities are aimed at research, demonstration, and training for capacity development of academic and scientific community, practitioners and managers, and communities.
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    Legal and Institutional Framework for Effective Management of Marine Managed Areas in Tanzania: Mainland Tanzania
    (2012) Mangora, Mwita M.; Shalli, Mwanahija S.; McLean, Bernice; Suguta, Heche
    Countries around the world are increasingly becoming aware of the need to protect and especially to manage the coastal and marine resources. In Tanzania, the government’s commitment is both state sponsored and through bilateral agreements with international donor agencies that advocate sustainable development through sustainable management of natural resources. To fulfil this commitment, a number of initiatives have been commissioned in Tanzania over the last couple of decades. One of these initiatives is exemplified by the Blueprint 2050 which substantially reviewed and drew a road map of management of coastal and marine resources for the present and the coming couple of decades. The Marine and Coastal Environment Management Project (MACEMP) was crafted as one of the various efforts to realizing this vision. This comprehensive project aimed at strengthening the sustainable management and use of coastal and marine resources in the territorial seas and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The objectives of MACEMP was to enhance revenue collection, reduced threats to the environment, better livelihood for coastal communities and improved institutional arrangements for effective management of Marine Managed Areas (MMAs) in the country. MACEMP extended its support to the legal and institutional structures so that effective management of MMAs is realized through establishing a supported comprehensive system of MMAs in the territorial sea built on Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) strategy that empowers and benefits coastal communities.