Browsing by Author "Norbert, Joel"

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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    Climate, Water and Adaptation: Climate Related Projections on Future Water Resources and Human Adaptation in the Great Ruaha River Basin in Tanzania
    (2015) Thomsen, Torben B.; Liwenga, Emma; Pauline, Noah; Tumbo, Madaka; Osima, Sarah; Mpeta, Emmanual; Norbert, Joel; Stendel, Martin; Stisen, Simon; Villholth, Karen; D’haen, Sarah
    Main findings: - Temperatures will likely increase by 1-2 degrees by the middle of the century and 3-4 degrees by the end of the century. - A likely overall increase in precipitation and larger seasonal variation might lead to water related stress during a prolonged dry season and flood risks during the wet season. - The overall climate related effect on water resources is a status quo. - Increased rainy season rainfall offers opportunities for rain fed agriculture and water storage for hydro-power and irrigation. - Local governments are already effectively dealing with these climate related impacts. Assigning more responsibilities and capacities to LG can unlock great potential for adequately delivering locally diversified climate change adaptation.
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    Estimation of Design Floods in Un-gauged Catchments using a Regional Index Flood Method. A Case Study of Lake Victoria Basin in Kenya
    (Elsevier, 2014) Norbert, Joel; Mugo, Margaret; Gadain, Hussein
    Reliable estimation of flood magnitudes corresponding to required return periods, vital for structural design purposes, is impacted by lack of hydrological data in the study area of Lake Victoria Basin in Kenya. Use of regional information, derived from data at gauged sites and regionalized for use at any location within a homogenous region, would improve the reliability of the design flood estimation. Therefore, the regional index flood method has been applied. Based on data from 14 gauged sites, a delineation of the basin into two homogenous regions was achieved using elevation variation (90-m DEM), spatial annual rainfall pattern and Principal Component Analysis of seasonal rainfall patterns (from 94 rainfall stations). At site annual maximum series were modelled using the Log normal (LN) (3P), Log Logistic Distribution (LLG), Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and Log Pearson Type 3 (LP3) distributions. The parameters of the distributions were estimated using the method of probability weighted moments. Goodness of fit tests were applied and the GEV was identified as the most appropriate model for each site. Based on the GEV model, flood quantiles were estimated and regional frequency curves derived from the averaged at site growth curves. Using the least squares regression method, relationships were developed between the index flood, which is defined as the Mean Annual Flood (MAF) and catchment characteristics. The relationships indicated area, mean annual rainfall and altitude were the three significant variables that greatly influence the index flood. Thereafter, estimates of flood magnitudes in ungauged catchments within a homogenous region were estimated from the derived equations for index flood and quantiles from the regional curves. These estimates will improve flood risk estimation and to support water management and engineering decisions and actions.
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    Integrated Model for Estimating Sediment Discharge to Coastal Environment from River Basin
    (2006-01) Norbert, Joel; Shibayama, Tomoya
    In this study an integrated model to estimate total sediment discharge from the river basin to the coastal environment is developed. Simulated and measured sediments discharge at the river mouth is compared and there is a good agreement. Also the effect of land use and climate change to the sediment yield is analyzed. The land use data derived from remotely sensed images of 1976 and 1997 is used as the basis for comparison to see the effect of land use change. It was observed that using the land use data for the year 1997, total sediment discharge to the coastal environment increased as compared to the year 1976; this is mainly due to the increased agricultural areas and residential areas and also decreases in forest area. For analyzing the effect of climate change, HadCM2 model is used to generate mean daily precipitation for the month for the period 2040-2050 and then daily rainfall amount is generated from this data using exponential distribution. The results of the sediments discharge to the coastal environment using this generated data show a decrease in the average annual sediment discharge.
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    Meeting the Water and Sanitation MDGs: A Study of Human Resource Development Requirements in Tanzania
    (2013-10) Kimwaga, Richard; Norbert, Joel; Kongo, Victor; Ngwisa, Mpembe
    In the Tanzanian water and sanitation (WatSan) sector, the human resource (HR) requirements for meeting the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets have so far been relatively unknown. This study was therefore conducted with a focus on determining HR requirements in the public sector and parastatal institutions, in the private sector (private consultancy companies, individual contractors, etc.), and in non-governmental organizations and community-based organizations active in the broader water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector. The competences assessed were: design and construction of new infrastructure, operation and maintenance (O&M), community mobilization, sanitation, and hygiene promotion. The study found a greater HR shortage in rural areas than in urban areas. The smallest HR need is for social development professionals (estimated at 320 in the urban areas). In the water supply and sanitation sectors, the average number of water supply engineers that will be required to achieve MDGs is estimated at 3,864, compared to the sanitation sector, which will need 637 engineers. In terms of the demand for competences in the water supply sector, the highest need is for O&M professionals (7,589) and the lowest for mobilization professionals (447). The study recommends increasing the HR supply in the WatSan sector through the following measures: increasing support for training institutions offering relevant courses in WatSan; focusing on skills required for asset management and O&M; and giving specific attention to HR capacity development in small towns and rural areas.
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