Browsing by Author "Mwaipopo, Rosemarie"

Now showing 1 - 16 of 16
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    Artisanal Mining and Poverty Reduction in Tanzania
    (Elsevier, 2009) Fisher, Eleanor; Mwaipopo, Rosemarie; Mutagwaba, Wilson; Nyange, David; Yaron, Gil
    This article explores the contribution that artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) makes to poverty reduction in Tanzania, drawing on findings from research on gold and diamond mining in Mwanza Region. The evidence suggests that people working in mining or related services are less likely to be in poverty than those with other occupations. However, the picture is complex; while mining income can help reduce poverty and provide a buffer from livelihood shocks, people's inability, to obtain a formal mineral claim or to effectively exploit their claims, contributes to insecurity. This is reinforced by a context in which ASM is peripheral to large-scale mining interests, is only gradually being addressed within national poverty reduction policies, and is segregated from district-level planning.
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    The Challenges of Affirmative Action in Tanzanian Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study of the University of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
    (Elsevier, 2006) Lihamba, Amandina; Mwaipopo, Rosemarie; Shule, Lucy
    This article discusses affirmative action programmes introduced and designed to increase female students' enrolment at the University of Dar es Salaam. The assessment of the interventions is made within the context and perceptions of their implementation. A key finding of this study is that affirmative action programmes have succeeded in increasing female enrolment generally and in traditionally male-dominated specializations such as Engineering, Medicine, Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics specifically. For example, as a result of affirmative action female enrolment in the Faculty of Science rose from 16% in 1996 to 27% in 2003/2004 and from 7% in 1996 to 13% in 2003/04 in the Engineering Faculty. However, as this article shows, there is much more to gender equity than just numbers. Qualitative factors such as participation in academic life as students or staff within and outside the classroom, the living environment, pedagogy and institutional micro-politics continue to pose challenges for gender equity and equality. Limitations in programme scale, infrastructure and resources also raise important questions regarding the sustainability of these affirmative action programmes. Therefore, while affirmative action can be seen as positive efforts to offset a historical imbalance, it still is confronted with and opens up new debates on privilege and discrimination amidst concerns with sustainability in a third world context.
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    The Creativity of Action: Property, Kin and the Social in African Artisanal Mining
    (2014) Fisher, Eleanor; Mwaipopo, Rosemarie
    Analyses of neo-liberal change in African mining tend to frame discussion through the lens of an overarching structural perspective. Far less attention has been paid to the way change is enacted within social relations in mining communities. To this end, our chapter considers how development in the Tanzanian mineral sector transforms people’s relationships and stimulates new iterations of power and agency within local trajectories of development, focusing on the case of artisanal gold mining in Mgusu village in Geita region, Tanzania. The aim is to trace how neo-liberal change configures market rationality and property relations in ways that can fundamentally alter social relationships within the local community, occupational groups and families, raising both opportunities for wealth accumulation and the potential to entrench poverty. The creative action involved in these processes generates new associational ties and repertoires of practice, as miners’ respond to change and the need to protect their livelihoods.
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    Delivering at Home or in a Health Facility? Health-Seeking Behaviour of Women and the Role of Traditional Birth Attendants in Tanzania
    (BioMed Central, 2013) Pfeiffer, Constanze; Mwaipopo, Rosemarie
    Background Traditional birth attendants retain an important role in reproductive and maternal health in Tanzania. The Tanzanian Government promotes TBAs in order to provide maternal and neonatal health counselling and initiating timely referral, however, their role officially does not include delivery attendance. Yet, experience illustrates that most TBAs still often handle complicated deliveries. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to describe (1) women’s health-seeking behaviour and experiences regarding their use of antenatal (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC); (2) their rationale behind the choice of place and delivery; and to learn (3) about the use of traditional practices and resources applied by traditional birth attendants (TBAs) and how they can be linked to the bio-medical health system. Methods Qualitative and quantitative interviews were conducted with over 270 individuals in Masasi District, Mtwara Region and Ilala Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Results The results from the urban site show that significant achievements have been made in terms of promoting pregnancy- and delivery-related services through skilled health workers. Pregnant women have a high level of awareness and clearly prefer to deliver at a health facility. The scenario is different in the rural site (Masasi District), where an adequately trained health workforce and well-equipped health facilities are not yet a reality, resulting in home deliveries with the assistance of either a TBA or a relative. Conclusions Instead of focusing on the traditional sector, it is argued that more attention should be paid towards (1) improving access to as well as strengthening the health system to guarantee delivery by skilled health personnel; and (2) bridging the gaps between communities and the formal health sector through community-based counselling and health education, which is provided by well-trained and supervised village health workers who inform villagers about promotive and preventive health services, including maternal and neonatal health.
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    Equity and Equality in Access to Higher Education: The Experiences of Students with Disabilities in Tanzania
    (2011) Mwaipopo, Rosemarie; Lihamba, Amandina; Njewele, Delphine C.
    Social development policies in Tanzania are exemplary in terms of their recognition of the rights of access to higher education institutions by specific demographic groups. Policy documents such as the 2005 National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (known as the MKUKUTA) and the 2004 National Policy on Disability emphasise this necessity and outline the government’s commitment to ensure that people who are socially disadvantaged, including those with disabilities, can equally access higher education. The process through which this is achieved is, however, less explicit and is therefore difficult to measure in relation to what students with disabilities actually experience as they not only pursue, but also experience higher education. Using both qualitative and quantitative data, this article analyses the process of access into higher education institutions and outcomes in terms of representation in higher education institutions by students with disabilities. In doing so, it seeks to explore the meaning and outcomes of policies related to higher education institutions in Tanzania in terms of their stated equality ideals and achievements in practice.
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    Fisheries Management Science Programme: An overview of developmental impact to 2005
    (2005) Arthur, Robert; Fisher, Eleanor; Mwaipopo, Rosemarie; Irz, Xavier; Thirtle, Colin
    As the Programmes run under the Renewable Natural Resources Research Strategy (RNRRS) are drawing to a close in 2006 the DFID Central Research Team (CRT) are interested in establishing the impact of the Programmes. This will allow the CRT to identify lessons for future natural resources research that they may wish to commission. The central objective for DFID is that the research commissioned under the RNRRS Programmes results in significant positive impacts on the livelihoods1 of the poor in developing countries. The goal of the Renewable Natural Resources Research Strategy (RNRRS) has been to reduce poverty, promote economic growth and mitigate environmental problems. This has been achieved by focussing on enhancing productive capacity in renewable natural resources by removing researchable constraints. While it is widely believed that the Programmes have had a positive impact, there is a need for quantitative and qualitative evidence to show that this has indeed been the case. Currently, the responsibility for establishing the impact of commissioned research lies with DFID, as the DFID RNRRS Guidance notes for Programme Managers (October 2000) state:
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    Globalization and Women in Coastal Communities in Tanzania
    (Springer, 2008) Porter, Marilyn; Mwaipopo, Rosemarie; Faustine, Richard; Mzuma, Max
    Marilyn Porter, Rosemarie Mwaipopo, Richard Faustine and Max Mzuma draw on data collected in two fishing communities in Tanzania to illustrate the global nature of the issues that women and coastal communities face. Coastal communities, such as Somanga and Songosongo, often suffer disproportionately from processes of interactive restructuring, and women are especially at risk.
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    Increasing the contribution of artisanal and small-scale mining to poverty reduction in Tanzania: Based on an analysis of mining livelihoods in Misungwi and Geita Districts, Mwanza, region
    (2004) Mwaipopo, Rosemarie; Mutagwaba, Wilson; Nyange, David; Fisher, Eleanor
    This report outlines findings from a study examining the contribution of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) to poverty reduction in Tanzania based on an analysis of gold and diamond mining in Mwanza Region. It was funded by the British Department for International Development (DFID) as Phase 1 of a project to provide practical support to miners working in the ASM sector. The Tanzanian study is a component of a broader ‘Livelihoods Analysis of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector’ led by the Centre for Development Studies, University of Wales Swansea, with support from Wardell Armstrong and the British Geological Survey. Alongside the Tanzanian component, parallel research in Ghana and a review of existing livelihoods literature with an assessment of key policy challenges facing the sector have taken place over a period of fifteen months (2003-4).
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    The Relationship Between Community - Based Organisations and the Effective Management of Coastal & Marine Resources in the WIO Region
    (2011) Mwaipopo, Rosemarie; Fisher, Eleanor; Wanyonyi, Innocent N.; Kimani, Patrick; Tunje, Joseph; Msuya, Flower E.; Bashemerewa, Vivian
    This study examines the relationship between Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) and marine and coastal resource management in the Western Indian Ocean Region. It explores what roles CBOs play in relation to natural resource utilisation and whether they have an ability to act effectively as community managers of these resources. The research focuses on CBOs in the coastal zone of Kenya and Tanzania. The specific objectives of the study were to: • document the types of CBOs existing in coastal areas of Kenya and Tanzania and how they have developed; • capture the internal dynamics and capacity of different CBOs; • consider the connections between CBO activities and natural resources in coastal and marine areas; • examine whether CBOs can mediate community diversity and dynamics to act as a force for integration around coastal resource management; • highlight the relationships between different CBOs and external institutional structures and governance processes; and, • identify whether CBOs engage in activities that constitute ‘natural resource management’ and to consider whether these activities are ‘effective’. RESEARCH FINDINGS CBOs in coastal and marine resource management have for many years been part of the agenda for coastal and marine resource management in the WIO region, albeit in a range of capacities. Several achievements can be claimed in terms of putting in place grassroots or community structures to affect natural resource management processes, and to strengthen responsibility towards resource management. However, persistent capacity constraints and challenges raise substantial questions over the degree of effectiveness of these CBOs, especially with regard to coastal and marine resource management ideals. These processes feed into shifting allegiances of CBO commitments toward management. Although management strategies differ according to country, project and place, understanding CBO effectiveness in relation to natural resource management includes a need to gauge their ability to recognise and act upon a management issue. Once an issue requiring action is recognised, the capacity to act effectively is underpinned by a CBOs ability to access and effectively utilise appropriate resources (material and nonmaterial), and by its legitimacy as a valid and mandated component of wider management structures and processes coming from government and its relations to NGOs, donors, and in some cases the private sector. An important influence on these processes is the extent to which community members themselves give value to natural resource management, and recognise CBOs as a means to enhance livelihoods in different ways, through for example establishing mechanisms for local action on poverty issues and for recognised access to resources, but also as a way to realise collective aspirations for local control over natural resources. Simultaneously, the limited legal mandate many CBOs have for making decisions and carrying out actions with regard to coastal and marine resource management can severely constrain their influence, for this reason understanding the way a CBO has been established and by whom (community, government, donors, NGOs) is essential. Owing to these complexities, key findings include the following: • A diverse range of CBOs and community-based structures operate in the management of the coastal and marine resource environment in the study sites, with their diversity largely determined by mode of establishment, type of membership, and collective goals. • A legal mandate is critical for legitimacy and a CBOs capacity to pursue NRM objectives. • Even with a legal mandate, the ability of government designed structures (BMUs; CFAs, KyM) to address issues that involve multiple stakeholders, and stakeholders who command high political favour is minimal. • The mode of establishment of a CBO influences the nature of relationships between members, group cohesion, the values regarding NR management that a CBO upholds, and CBO sustainability over time. It also creates processes of inclusion and exclusion with respect to whether and how the CBO can act as a voice for the local community. This in turn is shaped by wider social divisions and power relations, which may be reinforced through the way government operates at the local level. • Leadership ability is important, and shapes the capacity of a CBO to illustrate successful resource management practices to the community. • Many CBO members possess good knowledge and experience in relation to ecological processes, and can apply this experience to affect certain management strategies, but most lack the necessary practical skills to make this experience realisable in terms of sustained and positive impact on NRM. Also the sophistication and scale of ecological dynamics and the complexity of multi-stakeholder interests diminish the ability of CBOs to handle many management demands. • CBO capacity to mediate resource use conflict at local level is shaped by community ownership and legitimacy, leadership dispositions, legal mandates, relations to government institutions, relations between community members, and also the character and history of interactions over time. There are positive examples of resource conflict mediation but also examples of intractable local level conflict that a CBO is unable to influence and indeed may contribute to. x • There are limitations in translating management incentives into practical usable terms, such as incorporating indigenous knowledge into management; or relating certain scientific messages with their primary concerns of livelihoods. All too often outside agencies create generic information on environmental issues and management actions that individuals can relate to in abstract but which do not connect to people’s resource use activities in specific local contexts. • Several CBOs have been able to demonstrate activities with positive resource management objectives, however much of it is short-lived and relates to the presence of external funding or of government interest in a particular issue at a specific time. • Support and capacity building sustained over time is important to enhance organisational capacity within CBOs. This includes information, sources of information, and mode of information delivery that CBO members can access, and use for effecting changes in the environment. Capacity building is also important to sustain these achievements
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    Rural-urban Transitions in Northwestern Tanzania’s Mining Frontier
    (2009) Bryceson, Deborah F.; Mwaipopo, Rosemarie
    Tanzania, which has for decades been seen as an impoverished agrarian country, is metamorphosing into a significant diamond and gold producer on the African continent over the last two decades. Small-scale miners have played a central role in this transformation. This chapter traces mining as a 'frontier livelihood' and 'mining-led urbanisation' in two northwestern Tanzanian settlements: Maganzo, a long-established diamond-ming settlement in Shinyanga region and Nyarugusu, a gold-mining site in Mwanza region which experienced its first significant rush in the 1980s. Our interest focuses on the unfolding phases of livelihood settlement transformation following the original population surge connected with mineral discovery.
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    Setting the Scene
    (2007) Morley, Louise; Leach, Fiona; Lugg, Rosemary; Lihamba, Amandina; Opare, James; Bhalalusesa, E. P.; Forde, Linda D.; Egbenya, Godwin; Mwaipopo, Rosemarie
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    The Social Dimensions of Marine Protected Areas: A Case Study of the Mafia Island Marine Park in Tanzania
    (2008) Mwaipopo, Rosemarie
    The studies in this series of SAMUDRA Monographs stress that there is a strong case for putting in place, or strengthening, a legal framework for supporting community rights to manage resources, building the capacity of both governments and communities, strengthening local organizations, and enhancing institutional coordination. They also highlight the need for more, independent studies on MPA processes from the community perspective, given that the few existing studies on social dimensions of MPA implementation have mainly been undertaken by MPA proponents themselves. Where clear examples of violations of community rights, and unjust costs on communities are identified, easily accessible redressal mechanisms need to be put in place, nationally and internationally. "Empowering indigenous and local fishing communities to progressively share the responsibility of managing coastal and fisheries resources, in keeping with the CBDs PA PoW, would undoubtedly meet the goals of both conservation and poverty reduction. This is the challenge before us. The future of both effective conservation and millions of livelihoods is at stake."
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    Social-Ecological Changes, Livelihoods and Resilience among Fishing Communities in Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania
    (Taylor & Francis, 2015) Moshy, Victoria H.; Bryceson, Ian; Mwaipopo, Rosemarie
    Analysis of societal dimensions is increasingly receiving attention in social–ecological resilience research. This study investigates the impacts of neo-liberal marine conservation and economic policies, and environmental changes on the livelihoods of two fishing communities in Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania, and their response strategies towards attempting to maintain livelihood resilience. These communities are in similar geographical and administrative settings but differ in their proximity to Park headquarters, conformity to Park regulations and engagement in fish trade. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, direct observation and questionnaire surveys. Interviewees from both villages reported increasing poverty in terms of reduced capacity to meet their basic needs, and decreases in numbers of meals per day, variety of foods and fish consumption, reduced access to resources, low productivity and prices of local produce. Women experienced raised household responsibilities for food security and meeting other household needs. Their main responses to these changes included loan seeking, reduction of expenditures, skipping meals, selling assets, collective fishing, livelihoods diversification, change of fishing techniques and gears, abandoning of fishing activity and outward migration. Their responses only contributed to survival without resolving the challenges. Paying attention to these societal experiences is therefore necessary, if resilience of social–ecological systems in a marine conservation area is to be maintained or enhanced.
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    Understanding the Human Dimensions in the Management of Coastal and Marine Resources in the WIO Region
    (Elsevier, 2010) Mwaipopo, Rosemarie; Lange, Glenn M.; Breton, Yvan
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    Widening Participation in Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania: Developing an Equity Scorecard
    (2007) Lugg, Rosemary; Morley, Louise; Leach, Fiona; Lihamba, Amandina; Opare, James; Mwaipopo, Rosemarie
    This three and a half year ESRC-DFID funded project (RES-167-25-0078) ‘Widening Participation in Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania: Developing an Equity Scorecard’ is a new evidence base contributing to making higher education more socially inclusive in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) (http://www.sussex.ac.uk/wphegt). It is a mixed methods study of one public and one private case study university in each country, combining: 200 student life history interviews, comprising interviews with 119 students from public universities and 81 from private universities, registered on different programmes and with a diversity of backgrounds including under-represented groups such as women, mature, low socio-economic status and disabled students. Students were asked about their experiences of primary, secondary and higher education, with questions about their motivations, transitions, support, decision-making and first impressions of higher education, its impact on them and their future plans. 200 key staff and policymakers interviews, comprising 172 semi-structured interviews with senior academics, lecturers and staff working closely with students in the four case study institutions and 28 interviews with policymakers. Academic staff and policymakers were asked about policies, interventions, strategies and challenges for widening participation, and the part that their universities had played in working towards the Millennium Development Goals. 100 Equity Scorecards compiled largely from raw data on admission/access, retention, completion and achievement, for four programmes of study in relation to three structures of inequality: gender, socio-economic status (SES) and age. The research questions included: investigating which social groups are currently and traditionally under-represented as students in the case study institutions and whether these correlate with wider national and international patterns of social exclusion; how the case study institutions are interpreting and responding to the Millennium Development Goals; and if there is a relationship between learners’ prior experiences of education, their socioeconomic backgrounds and their experiences and achievement in education. Questions have also been posed about what mechanisms for support have been put in place for ‘nontraditional’ students to facilitate retention and achievement and how ‘non-traditional’ students might experience these interventions (see Appendix 1). Diverse stakeholders have been asked about their perceptions of the main barriers to participation for under-represented groups and what strategies the case study institutions can develop to improve the recruitment, retention and achievement of students from non-traditional backgrounds. Via the field work and its analysis, the project has produced statistical data on patterns of participation, retention and achievement and has aimed to build theory about socio-cultural aspects of higher education in Ghana and Tanzania.