Browsing by Author "Mutembei, Aldin K."
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Item African Languages as a Gateway to Sustainable Development, Democracy and Freedom: The Example of Swahili(Interdisciplinary Journal for Study of the Arts and Humanities in Southern Africa, 2014-09-24) Mutembei, Aldin K.The African Academy of Languages conceptualizes African integration and development through African languages. It is through African languages that the continent will restore its dignity and respect. In East Africa, Swahili resisted the waves of imperial culture to claim its rightful position. The language is growing and spreading, embracing on its way the elements of Ubuntu and 'Africanness' which makes it accepted from one country to another. Following the example of Kiswahili's linguistic and literary affluence, the paper argues that African languages demonstrate the potential not only for Africa's integration, but indeed the ability to maintain peace and mutual understanding and respect. Combining with economic prospects, African languages such as Kiswahili are likely to stand for, and boost African development. Using the Ubuntu theory as developed by Horace Campbell (2010), the paper looks into the possible reasons for the spread of Kiswahili in different nations in modern times, and the rationale for its acceptance in a multilingual African environment. The paper calls for the policy makers in Africa to give priority to African languages, paving the way to a realistic education system, freedom of expression, stimulation of innovative ideas and creativity, and the ultimate development of the African peopleItem AIDS Communication through Billboards and Murals in Tanzania(2014) Mutembei, Aldin K.One of the incontrovertible marks for Tanzania’s open door policy is the huge billboards along major roads and highways; and murals (or graffiti) on fences or walls of large buildings. This is relatively a new way of communication in a country that once pursued Ujamaa policies. Promoters of public health and particularly HIV/AIDS awareness campaign have turned to use billboards as one of the ways to communicate responsiveness messages to different communities. Artists similarly, have created a space for their murals to share their messages about the AIDS scourge. As this kind of communication uses artistic language and creativity, it attracts a curious literary critic into rethinking the meaning and boundaries of literature and its role in society. The paper attempts to examine what kind of HIV/AIDS messages is being communicated. What impact does such communication has to people, and how in turn the people respond to such adverts? Using a modified Awareness, Attitude and Behaviour Model (AAB model) adapted from the Earle and Phillips report on billboard survey (2002), the paper seeks to understand the feelings, perception, attitudes and behaviour of individuals as they respond to the adverts on erected billboards or murals and how individuals connect to the figurative language that those billboards and murals beam out.Item The Availability and Acceptability of Intervention Strategies against AIDS/HIV Infection in the Kagera Region of Tanzania(1997) Lugalla, Joe L. P.; Comoro, C. J.; Mutembei, Aldin K.This study was carried out as part of the Kagera AIDS Research Project, a collaborative project between the University of Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania and the Department of Epidemiology and Health Care Research at the University of Umea in Sweden. The project was created in the Kagera Region (Tanzania) in 1993 to assess the availability, nature and acceptability of HIV/AIDS interventions. An in-depth intensive study carried out in Ruhoko, a village in the Bukoba Rural District, looked at the types of interventions from both the providers' and beneficiaries' point of view. A variety of interventions exist in the area and all are carried out by both foreign and local NGOs in an uncoordinated and unsystematic manner. The government of Tanzania is unable to coordinate these activities because its participation in these processes is insignificant. There are five main interventions: health education, counselling, voluntary HIV testing, treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and the promotion of condom use. It is clear that AIDS awareness is prevalent but varies among groups of men and women and between men and and women. Culture and social relations of gender inequality influence the acceptability of interventions. Recommendations for a comprehensive intervention strategy conclude the paper. Note, ref., sum.Item Communicating About AIDS-Changes in Understanding and Coping with Help of Language in Urban Kagera, Tanzania1(2002) Mutembei, Aldin K.; Emmelin, Maria; Lugalla, Joe L. P.; Dahlgren, Lars G.Faced with the problems of HIV/AIDS, people have to find ways to communicate around them. The aim of this paper is to mirror changes over time in the Kagera people's social cognition regarding HIV/AIDS, using their own language as a tracer of this process. Focus group discussions and personal and group interviews conducted during 1992 to 1995 in urban Bukoba, Kagera, constitute the basis for an analysis of metaphorical expressions in use since 1985. Pronounced uncertainty is later transformed into a deeper understanding of the pandemic and an increased disposition to cope with the situation. Knowledge about the socio-linguistic expressions mapped out in this article can be of help when developing guidelines on how to communicate about interventions.Item Dhana ya Maadili katika Uandishi wa Shaaban Robert na Nafasi yake katika Muktadha wa sasa nchini Tanzania(TUKI University of Dar es Salaam, 2018-04-16) Mutembei, Aldin K.Item Dhana ya Muungano kati ya Tanganyika na Zanzibar: Uchambuzi kupitia Lugha ya Kiswahili(2016-02-15) Mutembei, Aldin K.Muungano kati ya watu wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar unachunguzwa kihistoria ambapo hoja za kijamii, kisiasa na kiuchumi hutolewa katika kuhalalisha uhistoria wa muungano huo wa kipekee. Ingawa kuna baadhi ya mijadala ya kikatiba kuhusu nguvu za kisheria za muungano, hoja za kiisimu ni mara chache hutolewa ili kuongezea uhalali wa muungano huo unaobishaniwa. Makala hii inatoa mkabala wa kiisimu kuhusu muungano. Kwa kutumia nadharia ya usafiri kama ilivyoelezwa na Edward said (1983), makala inajadili kuenea kwa Kiswahili Sanifu katika Tanzania ambapo kuna lugha zaidi ya 123 huku nyingine zikiwa na sarufi na kamusi zilizoandikwa. Hoja ya Kiswahili sanifu inafafanuliwa zaidi kwa kugawanywa katika vipengele kadha kwa mujibu wa nadharia ya usafiri. Mwishowe makala inaonesha kuwa lugha na fasihi ya Kiswahili huku vikiongozwa na Kiswahili sanifu vinajenga hoja ya nguvu kuhusu muumano na uhalali wa muungano baina ya Tanganyika na Zanzibar.Item Dhima ya Fasihi katika Jamii: Lugha ya Kiswahili na Mkakati wa Usomaji kuelekea Umajumui wa Kiafrika(TUKI University of Dar es Salaam, 2016-08-28) Mutembei, Aldin K.Item Epistolary role in East African literary works on AIDS(repository.unam.edu.na/handle/11070/1920, 2016-05-15) Mutembei, Aldin K.In East Africa, an epistle as a base for literary analysis is not common. It appears, scholars who have analyzed works of fiction or drama relating to HIV/AIDS scourge, have not considered letters inserted in those works as worth examining. Yet, letters inserted in such creative writings as a style to expound different themes are often encountered. Written artistic works on HIV/AIDS in both Kiswahili and English languages have employed this style to illustrate the HIV/AIDS crisis, as lived by characters in their fictional world. Following Wolf Schmid’s theory on narratology, supplemented with Rosenmeyer’s analytical framework (2003) the article uses an epistolary analysis as a technique for identifying themes in a literary work. The argument developed throughout this article is that epistles should be taken as a point of departure in identifying and examining different voices in the narratives on HIV/AIDS on one hand, and in understanding the psycho-social challenges which fictional characters face in their creative or imaginative world. Through this theory the epistles are juxtaposed to the Kiswahili idiom: barua ni nusu ya kuonana (literally translates as “a letter is seeing each other partially”). It would appear that the reader sees fictional characters in HIV/AIDS creative works from a certain perspective as focalized by the letters. The voices which the readers hear from these characters are all directed the letters used. Following this theory it appears that the themes related to HIV/AIDS are related to or influenced by the inserted epistles.Item HIV-1 Infection Prevalence and Incidence Trends in Areas of Contrasting Levels of Infection in the Kagera Region, Tanzania, 1987-2000(2005) Kwesigabo, Gideon; Killewo, Japhet; Urassa, Willy; Lugalla, Joe; Emmelin, Maria; Mutembei, Aldin K.; Mhalu, Fred; Biberfeld, Gunnel; Wall, Stig; Sandstrom, AnitaThis study aimed at assessing the extent to which decline in HIV infection prevalence reflects decline in incidence in 3 areas with contrasting initial exposure to the HIV epidemic in the Kagera region of Tanzania. A population sample was recruited for the baseline study in 1987 through a multistage cluster sampling technique to determine HIV prevalence. Seronegative individuals identified in the baseline and subsequent studies were followed up for 3 years to yield trends in incidence that were compared for the 3 areas. The overall age-adjusted HIV-1 prevalence in the high-prevalence area of Bukoba urban declined significantly from 24.2% in 1987 to 18.2% in 1993 and later to 13.3% in 1996 (P = 0.0001). In the medium-prevalence area of Muleba, overall age-adjusted prevalence declined significantly from 10.0% in 1987 to 6.8% in 1996 and later to 4.3% in 1999 (P = 0.0003), whereas in the low-prevalence area of Karagwe the prevalence declined from 4.5% in 1987 to 2.6% in 1999 (P = 0.01). In all 3 areas, the most significant decline was consistently observed among women in the age group 15-24 years. No age group exhibited a significant upward prevalence trend. The HIV-1 incidence for Bukoba urban declined from 47.5 to 9.1 per 1000 person-years of observation in 1989 and 1996, respectively, whereas in Muleba it decreased from 8.2 to 3.9 in 1989 and 2000, respectively. Sex-specific estimates indicated a significant decline among women in the high-prevalence area of Bukoba urban from 51.5 to 9.2 per 1000 person-years at risk (P = 0.001). It is concluded that the HIV-1 epidemic in Kagera is on the decrease as reflected by the decline in HIV-1 incidence and prevalence trends particularly among the 15-24 year olds. The decline in the 3 areas of differing magnitude implies that the HIV/AIDS epidemic may be arrested early without necessarily peaking to saturation levels.Item Kukitandawazisha Kiswahili kupitia Simu za Kiganjani: Tafakari kuhusu Isimujamii(2011) Mutembei, Aldin K.Mojawapo ya matokeo ya utandawazi ni kuwapo kwa simu za kiganjani1 na matumizi yake. Siku hizi nchini Tanzania mawasiliano ya simu yamekuwako kwa wingi kuliko ilivyokuwa tangu wakati wa uhuru hadi katikati ya miaka ya tisini. Mahali ambapo hakukuwa na mawasiliano kabisa, kama sehemu nyingi za vijiji vya Tanzania, siku hizi kuna mawasiliano kwa njia ya simu hizi za kiganjani na lugha inayotumika katika mawasiliano haya ni Kiswahili. Lugha ya Kiswahili inayotumika katika simu hizi ni ya kiutandawazi na pengine si rahisi kuiona nje ya wigo huu wa kiutandawazi ambao pia unajumuisha mawasiliano kwa barua pepe, na maongezi katika tovuti. Katika lugha hii ya kiutandawazi, watu huwasiliana kwa kutumiana matini fupi fupi zenye mchanganyiko wa maneno na namba, na hivyo kuunda lugha tofauti na iliyozoeleka katika jamii nyingine.Item Mkabala wa Ki-Korasi katika Kuchambua Kazi za Fasihi ya Kiswahili: Mifano Kutoka Katika Tamthilia(2010) Mutembei, Aldin K.Kwa wachambuzi na wahakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili, mtazamo umekuwa ni wa kugawa makundi mawili: fani na maudhui. Hata hivyo, karibu wote wanakubaliana kuwa mgawanyo huu ni wa kinadharia zaidi na unafanyika kwa ajili ya uchambuzi na uhakiki; kwani katika hali halisi maudhui huwezi kuyatenga kutoka katika fani (Senkoro 1982). Ingawa hivi ndivyo inavyojulikana, hakuna aliyeweza kupendekeza njia ya uchambuzi itakayoziweka pamoja dhana za maudhui na fani. Kwangu mimi, tatizo liko katika umapokeo, na kwa hiyo wachambuzi na wahakiki ambao bado wanashikilia dhana za fani na maudhui kwamba ndizo pekee zitumikazo katika uchambuzi wa fasihi wamegubikwa na mazoea ya kimapokeo ambayo mara nyingi hugomea mabadiliko. Dhana za fani na maudhui zimesimama kama sheria-mama katika uchambuzi na uhakiki wa fasihi. Kutokana na mtazamo huu wa ki-fani na ki-maudhui, wahakiki na wachambuzi wa fasihi kama vile tamthilia wameweka vigezo ambavyo havina budi vifuatwe iwapo mtu atataka kuichambua na kuihakiki kazi ya fasihi. Vigezo hivi sasa vimechukuliwa kama ni sheria katika uchambuzi na uhakiki wa tamthilia. Hata kuna waliothubutu kuweka "sheria" katika ubunifu wa kazi za fasihi Lakini uchambuzi, na hata uhakiki, kama ulivyo utunzi wa kifasihi, ni vigumu kuubana kwa sheria kama hizo. Suala la sheria katika usanii linaelekea kuwa jadi ya wanamapokeo (Abedi 1954; Mayoka 1984). Jambo hili limepingwa vikali katika usanii wa ushairi wa Kiswahili (Kezilahabi 1974; Mulokozi na Kahigi 1979). Likapingwa na E. Hussein kuhusu tamthilia aliposema: "Kuandika mchezo wa kuigiza ni kuumba sanaa. Na sanaa hukataa maelezo; kamwe haitaki sheria" (Hussein 1983: 195). Katika makala haya linapingwa katika uchambuzi wa fasihi ya Kiswahili. Nasisitiza kuwa fani na maudhui zisichukuliwe kuwa ndio dhana pekee zinapopaswa kuangaliwa wakati wa kuchambua fasihi. Dhana ya korasi ikieleweka vizuri, itaonekana kuwa ni kipengele kinachopaswa kuangaliwa kwa upekee wake na kikatumika katika uchambuzi wa kazi ya fasihi.Item Nadharia ya Fasihi Simulizi na Maendeleo ya Sayansi na Teknolojia(2006) Mutembei, Aldin K.Item Slavery and its space in Kiswahili Literature.(Research Insititude - Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 2016-06-16) Mutembei, Aldin K.Abstract The Swahili Community, was, by and large, shaped, influenced, and affected by slavery. From African hinterland to Bagamoyo on the coast of Tanganyika (now Tanzania) and later to Zanzibar en route to outside Africa, the influence was immense. Using the Intertextuality theory, the paper examines how Swahili creative writers have portrayed the experience of slavery in the span of fifty years. It analyses three Swahili texts: Uhuru wa Watumwa (1934), Maisha ya Tippu Tip (1966) and Tendehogo (1984) in an attempt to see the conceptualization and challenges of slavery in Swahili society in that timeline and duration. In particular, the paper attempts to address and find answers to the following queries: How did the prior textual memory of slaves contribute to the realization of their slave-hood at any given material time? Conversely, how did such realization help or become a hindrance in negotiating slavery on one hand, and antislavery in public and private spaces? This article will be looking into forms of resistance to slavery as depicted in Swahili literature. Putting the concept in a contemporary scrutiny, the article attempts to find out if there has been a change in the conceptualization of slavery in the Swahili world. Has the concept of slavery in the Swahili literature gone beyond classical slavery to embrace other forms of slavery in and outside Africa? Key words: Swahili, slavery, servitude, darkness, Intertextuality, textual memory,Item The Social and Cultural Contexts of HIV/AIDS Transmission in the Kagera Region, Tanzania(1999) Lugalla, Joe L. P.; Emmelin, Maria; Mutembei, Aldin K.; Comoro, C. J.; Killewo, J. Z. J.; Kwesigabo, Gideon; Sandstrom, A. I. M.; Dahlgren, Lars G.Like poverty, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is affecting the sub-continent of Saharan Africa more severely than any other parts of the world, with sixty three percent of global AIDS cases occurring in this region. Tanzania is one of the severely affected countries within sub-Saharan Africa. It is evident that AIDS in this continent is transmitted mainly through heterosexual contact. Since a cure is yet to be found, a change in sexual behavior seems to be the only reliable method of controlling the further spread of HIV. Sexual behavior is shaped by a variety of social and cultural factors inherent in the society. Therefore, understanding the social-cultural context within which AIDS is spreadingItem Social, Cultural, and Sexual Behavioral Determinants of Observed Decline in HIV Infection Trends: Lessons from the Kagera Region, Tanzania(Elsevier, 2004) Lugalla, Joe; Emmelin, Maria; Mutembei, Aldin K.; Sima, Mwiru; Kwesigabo, Gideon; Killewoe, Japhet; Dahlgren, Lars G.This paper is a follow-up of earlier findings by the Kagera AIDS Research Project (KARP), which documented declining trends in the prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in the Kagera region of Tanzania. The paper examines socio-cultural and sexual behavioral changes as possible determinants of the observed declining trends in Bukoba, the largest urban area of the region. The study used in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, field observations and ethnographic assessments to collect the required data. The findings suggest that since the initial years of the epidemic there have been significant changes in sexual behaviors, norms, values, and customs that are considered high-risk for HIV transmission. The findings show an increase in condom use, abstinence, zero grazing (sticking to one sexual partner) and uptake of voluntary HIV testing while traditional practices such as polygamy, widow inheritance, excessive alcohol consumption, and sexual networking are declining. We suggest that these changes are partly a result of the severity of the epidemic itself in the study area, and interventions that have been carried out in this area since 1987. The major interventions have included health education, the distribution of condoms, AIDS education in schools, voluntary HIV counseling and testing. These are encouraging findings that give hope and we believe that other places within Tanzania and other countries experiencing a severe AIDS crisis have much to learn from this experience. However, changes in norms and behavior are vulnerable; people in Kagera are still at risk and there is a need for continued intervention together with monitoring of the direction of the epidemic.Item UKIMWIISHAJI wa Utanzu wa Fasihi: Mifano kutoka Methali za Tanzania(2011) Mutembei, Aldin K.UKIMWI umeendelea kuleta changamoto katika maisha ya binadamu. Ni janga ambalo linagusa maisha ya kila siku ya binadamu katika nchi nyingi na hasa zilizo fukara. Kutokana na kugusa sehemu mbalimbali za maisha, janga hili limejadiliwa katika nyanja mbalimbali za kitaaluma ikiwa ni pamoja na tabia na mahusiano ya watu (Nelkin na wenzie 1991). Katika Tanzania, UKIMWI umejadiliwa kihistoria (Kaijage, 1993) na hata katika sanaa mbalimbali ikiwamo lugha na fasihi (Mutembei 2001; Mutembei na wenzie, 2002) Kuhusu lugha na fasihi kwa ujumla, UKIMWI ndio ugonjwa ambao kwa muda mfupi umejitokeza katika maandishi zaidi kuliko magonjwa mengine yoyote yale. Hata katika nchi za ki-Magharibi kwa mfano, kifasihi UKIMWI umejitokeza katika maandishi zaidi kuliko saratani. Nchini Marekani, UKIMWI umejadiliwa zaidi katika maandishi kuliko kifua kikuu katika miaka ya 1990 kama Goldstein (na wenzie) wanavyosema katika nukuu hii: Wala sio kifua kikuu, lile gonjwa, kigaga cha magonjwa ya mlipuko, ambalo kwa kulinganisha na magonjwa mengine lenyewe linaweza kutoa maandishi mengi ya kifasihi kwa muda mfupi. [Not even tuberculosis, that most “aesthetic” of epidemics, produces a comparable outpouring in so short a time]. (Goldstein katika Nelkin na wenzie 1991: 17) (Tafsiri ya mwandishi). Mbali na kulinganishwa na kifua kikuu, UKIMWI nchini Marekani, unajitokeza zaidi katika maandishi kuliko homa ya manjano, kipindupindu na magonjwa mengine mengi. Kwa muda mfupi tu, UKIMWI umejitokeza katika maandishi ya kifasihi sawa na gonjwa la tauni lilivyojitokeza katika maandishi ya namna hiyo huko Ulaya. Kwa sababu ya hali hii, janga hili linavuta hamu ya kitaaluma ya kutaka kutafiti ni kwa vipi na kwa kiasi gani limejipenyeza katika sanaa za jamii, na hususani limejipenyeza katika tanzu zipi za fasihi ya jamii. Kwa mfano, ni kwa kiasi gani UKIMWI umejipenyeza katika fasihi ya Kiswahili? Ni kwa namna gani athari za UKIMWI zinaweza kuonekana kama kipengele cha ujumi katika maisha ya Watanzania? Katika fasihi, ni tanzu zipi zimeitikia mguso wa janga hili na kulielezea kisanii? Na maelezo hayo yanamaanisha nini katika maendeleo ya utanzu husika na kwa fasihi kwa ujumla? Katika mantiki hii, makala haya yanajadili jinsi utanzu wa methali unavyoguswa na janga hili.Item Using Internet in the Second Language Teaching: YouTube as a Multidimensional Communicative Tool(African Academy of Languages - ACALAN, 2014-09-12) Mutembei, Aldin K.