Browsing by Author "Mshandete, Anthony M."
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Item Anaerobic Batch Co-Digestion of Sisal Pulp and Fish Wastes(Elsevier, 2004) Mshandete, Anthony M.; k, Amelia K.; Rubindamayugi, Mugassa S. T.; Mattiasson, BoCo-digestion of various wastes has been shown to improve the digestibility of the materials and biogas yield. Batchwise digestion of sisal pulp and fish waste was studied both with the wastes separately and with mixtures in various proportions. While the highest methane yields from sisal pulp and fish waste alone were 0.32 and 0.39 m3 CH4/kg volatile solids (VS), respectively, at total solid (TS) of 5%, co-digestion with 33% of fish waste and 67% of sisal pulp representing 16.6% of TS gave a methane yield of 0.62 m3 CH4/kg VS added. This is an increase of 59–94% in the methane yield as compared to that obtained from the digestion of pure fractions at 5% TS.Item Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Biological Pre-Treated Nile Perch Fish Solid Waste with Vegetable Fraction of Market Solid Waste(Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN), 2012) Kassuwi, Shaaban A. A.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Anaerobic co-digestion of various organic wastes has been shown to improve biogas yield of fish wastes. This paper presents the effect of pre-treating Nile perch fish solid waste (FSW) using CBR-11 bacterial culture (CBR-11-FSW) and commercial lipase enzyme (Lipo-FSW), followed by batch anaerobic co-digestion with vegetable fractions of market solid waste (VFMSW) in various proportions, using potato waste (PW) and cabbage waste (CW) as co-substrates either singly or combined. Results indicated that CBR-11 pre-treated FSW co-digested with PW or CW in 1:1 ratio (substrate: inoculum) had positive effect on methane yield, while Lipo pre-treated FSW had negative effect on methane yield. Using CBR-11-FSW:PW the highest yield was 1.58 times more than the untreated FSW. Whereas, using Lipo-FSW:CW the highest yield was 1.65 times lower than un-treated FSW. Furthermore, the optimal mixture of CBR-11 pre-treated FSW and PW and CW co-substrates resulted into higher methane yield of 1, 322 CH4 ml/gVS using CBR-11-FSW (10):PW (45):CW (45) ratio. The ratio enhanced methane yield to 135% compared to control. In conclusion, results demonstrates that optimal mixture of CBR-11 pre-treated FSW with both PW and CW as co-substrates enhanced methane yield and provide base line data for potential application in continuous anaerobic bioreactors investigation.Item The Anaerobic Digestion of Cattail Weeds to Produce Methane using American Cockroach Gut Microorganisms(2009) Mshandete, Anthony M.The objective of this study was to characterize anaerobic batch digestion of cattail weeds botanical fractions singly and in combination using American cockroach gut microorganisms as an inoculum. The effects of increasing concentration of cattail weeds expressed as percentage of total solids (TS) from 5, 15, to 30 and 60% on methane yield was investigated at ambient temperature of 29±1°C. The results showed that highest methane yields were obtained at 5% TS for both individual and mixed cattail botanical fractions. A maximum methane yield of 447 CH4 ml/g volatile solids (VS) and 288 ml/gVS added were obtained from leaves and whole cattail weeds (comprised of spikes, leaves, stems rhizomes and roots each 20% wet weight), respectively. An average methane content in the range of 72 and 79% was obtained in the biogas produced at 5 to 60% TS for both separate and mixed cattail botanical fractions. Lower TS % led to faster onset of biogas production and higher methane productivity. Blending of cattail botanical fraction at 5 to 60%TS in general did not improve the methane yield compared to that obtained from separate botanical fractions. Methane yield obtained from whole cattail weed was less by a factor of 1.6 compared to that of leaves at 5%TS. It was concluded, that anaerobic digestion of cattail weed is feasible and could serve the dual roles for producing biogas, a clean renewable energy and reducing the weed as part of its management.Item Antimicrobial Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extracts from Edible Tanzanian Coprinus Cinereus (Schaeff) S. Gray S.Lat. Cultivated on Grasses Supplemented with Cow Dung Manure(2010) Lyantagaye, Sylvester L.; Ndyetabura, Theonest; Mshandete, Anthony M.This study is the first broad investigation of antimicrobial activity of different development stages of Coprinus cinereus from Tanzania. The indigenous edible wild C. cinereus mushroom was successfully grown in tropical conditions on dried grasses supplemented with different amounts of cow dung manure. Ethyl acetate crude extracts were prepared from different developmental stages of the mushroom, and were screened for antifungal and antibacterial activities using agar well method. Different extracts from black caps, post capping stage and black stem exhibited activity against Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger none of the gram positive bacteria was inhibited to grow. Differences in the substrate composition presented differences in the bioactivity of the mushroom extracts with 2: 3 ratio of cow-dung: grasses producing the highest activity. The results obtained clearly indicated that Tanzanian C. cinereus extracts contains bioactive components and are potential sources of antimicrobial compounds that could be used for development of new agents for the treatment and prevention of diseases.Item Antioxidant Properties of Seven wild Edible Mushrooms from Tanzania(2015) Hussein, Juma M.; Tibuhwa, Donatha D.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Consumption of mushroom has increased remarkably because of their desirable aroma, taste and high nutritional content. Wild edible mushrooms (WEM) are well known for their nutritious and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to measure and compare the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of six WEM from selected indigenous Tanzanian forests and one domesticated grown form in methanolic extracts. Results show that among the seven mushroom species extracts, the methanolic extract from Auricularia judae showed the most potent radical scavenging activity of 93.33% while Panus conchatus revealed lowest antioxidant activities of 46.53%. The strongest EC50 was observed in Auricularia judae 0.08 mg/ml while weakest was in P. conchatus >0.3 mg/ml. Nevertheless total phenolics in the methanolic extracts were the highest in P. tenuiculus (431.03±3.63 mg GAE/100 g) and lowest in Macrolepiota procera (136.21±0.98 mgGAE/100 g). Lentinus squarrosulus possessed highest content of β-carotene and flavonoids were 48.15±1.04 mg/100 g and 25.62±1.78 mg/100 g, respectively meanwhile the lowest concentration was found in wild L. sajor-caju 5.35±0.68 mg/100 g and 2.49±1.28 mg/100 g, respectively. Comparatively, domesticated mushroom showed higher scavenging ability of 76.61% than its wild counterparts 62.94%. In conclusion, high antioxidant activity in methanolic extract of WEM due to presence of phenolic content can potentially be used as a source of natural antioxidants.Item Assessment of Antioxidant Potentials of the Wild and Domesticated Saprophytic Edible Mushrooms from Tanzania(2016) Juma, I.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Tibuhwa, Donatha D.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Tanzania natural forests harbor several indigenous edible mushrooms that are meagerly exploited due to various reasons including unawareness on their potential values. This study establishes antioxidant potentials of seven wild edible mushroom species, and their two domesticated forms. The investigation used mushroom methanolic extract for antioxidant activities’ determination. A DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical was used as a substrate to determine radical scavenging abilities whereas ferrozine was employed to determine ferrous ion chelating abilities. Additionally, quantitative analyses for β-carotene, lycopene, flavonoids, and total phenolic compounds were done using spectrophotometric assay. Mushrooms analysed displayed amazing antioxidant potentials which varied between different species and between the wild and domesticated forms of the same species. The range of EC50 values for DPPH free radical scavenging activity (DRSA) was . . mg m , with the strongest and weakest EC50 recorded from P. tenuiculus and the wild Amylosporus sp. IJ-2014, respectively. The range of EC50 values for ferrous ion chelating activity (FICA) was . . mg/mL, with the strongest and weakest EC50 noted in domesticated Amylosporus sp. IJ-2014 and L. sajor-caju, correspondingly. The maximum and minimum total phenolic content (TPC) recorded were 537.39 and 160.97 mg GAE/100g, from domesticated Amylosporus sp. IJ-2014 and Laetiporus sp. IJ-2014, respectively. The highest and least quantities of β-carotene (BC) recorded were 48.59 and 5.56 mg/100g, from P. tenuiculus/wild Amylosporus sp. IJ-2014 and P. cystidiosus, respectively. Lycopene contents (LC) ranged from 2.24 to 18.95 mg/100g, with P. cystidiosus and P. tenuiculus having the slightest and peak values, correspondingly. Maximum value for total flavonoid contents (TFl) recorded was 25.27 mg QE/100g from P. tenuiculus whereas the minimum value was 3.71 mg QE/100g from P. cystidiosus. Due to the antioxidant potentials of these mushrooms, people are advised to maximally exploit them for improved nutrition and health.Item Biofuels in Tanzania: Status, Opportunities and Challenges [REVIEW PAPER](2011) Mshandete, Anthony M.Biofuels in solid, liquid and gaseous forms are all renewable fuels derived either directly or indirectly from plant material. Recently biofuels have emerged as alternative fuel with potential to replace finite fossil fuels resources. In Tanzania liquid biofuel (biodiesel and bioethanol) developments are at an infancy stage and there is so far no commercial liquid biofuel production. Nevertheless, such biofuel activities in Tanzania show that being part of the world is not left behind for the promotion of biofuels as an alternative source of energy. To that effect the objective of this review article was to understand the key issues pertaining to liquid biofuels and their status as well as to highlight gaps and strategies to address the gaps in Tanzania. Therefore this study is based on reviewing pertinent literature relating to liquid biofuels in Tanzania and elsewhere. The study looked at policies and strategies in place, mode of production of biofuels feedstock’s, players in biofuels and their roles, value chain, social-economic and environmental issues of biofuels, land tenure issues and food security, sustainability, research and development. Information generated in this article revealed that policy, foreign influence, economics, environmental and political factors are main drivers for biofuel industry. It was also evident that in Tanzania biofuels could provide some opportunities for national consumption or for export and offer some genuine development opportunities. However, clear policies, strategies as well as regulations for biofuels development are still not in place. One important and immediate activity needed is for Tanzania’s government and stakeholders to fast tracking the establishment of national biofuel policy to ensure sustainability of the biofuels industry. In conclusion, Tanzania has comparative advantages in the production of biofuels. However management of the potential negative effects of the biofuel industry to ensure that benefits outweigh any ecological, economic and/or social costs should to be taken into account and given utmost priority.Item Biogas Technology Research in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries–A review(2009) Mshandete, Anthony M.; Parawira, WilsonThis reviews aims to provide an insight and update of the state of biogas technology research in some selected sub-Saharan African countries in peer reviewed literature. This paper also aims to highlight the sub-Saharan countries’ strengths and weaknesses in biogas research and development capacity. An attempt is made to pinpoint future research in critically reviewing the biogas technology research. The methane-producing potential of various agriculturally sourced feedstocks has been researched, as has the advantages of co-digestion to improve carbon-to-nitrogen ratios and the use of pretreatment to improve the hydrolysis rates. Some optimisation techniques associated with anaerobic digestion including basic design considerations of single or two-stage systems, pretreatment, co-digestion, environmental conditions within the reactor such as temperature, pH, buffering capacity have been attempted in some of the researches in Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. However, there appears to be little research in biogas technology in many sub-Saharan African countries in internationally peer reviewed literature. Biogas production from large quantities of agricultural residues, animal wastes, municipal and industrial wastes (water) appears to have potential as an alternative renewable energy for many African countries if relevant and appropriate research is carried out to adopt the biogas technology to the local conditions in African countries. African scientists are urged to carry out research in biogas technology to locally demonstrate the feasibility, application, and adaptation of this technology and help improve the quality of energy supply in their respective countries.Item Biogas: SustaInable alternative renewable energy of today and the future in Arica(2010) Mshandete, Anthony M.; Parawira, WilsonIn Africa organic biomass wastes represent an abundant underutilized bioresource, which has considerable potential as a source of renewable bioenergy, but currently constitute serious environmental pollution problems. The hugest fraction of the waste is biodegradable and amenable to anaerobic digestion. Successful exploration and adoption of biogas technology within the African continent context could bioconvert the vast organic wastes generated into biogas, an alternative energy source that is renewable, economically feasible and sustainable. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the potential of biogas as a sustainable alternative renewable energy of today and the future in Africa. This article highlights on contemporary status of energy production and consumption patterns across the globe. It also elaborates Africa's energy picture both immediate and in the future which currently relies heavily on biomass. Moreover, the paper summarizes briefly biogas process and biogas technology as a mature technology and complete system in itself. This paper provides comprehensive extensive detailed information about the diverse organic biomass, which is abundant allover Africa and their potential biogas yield. In Africa, animal manure is not the only viable biogas digester feedstock, but there are other substrates also, which have been shown to have a better biogas potential than animal manure. Finally, strategies to ensure pilot to full-scale potential application of biogas technology are explained. Also the areas where particular research and more attention are required in the near future are identified. It was concluded from this study that waste to biogas conversion through anaerobic digestion is feasible in Africa, when approached innovatively and responsibly. This energy revolution could consequently result in a major economic impact in Africa continent.Item Biovalorization of Banana Waste: Auditing and Improvement of Bio-Methane Production by Fungal Pre-Treatment.(2013) Salyeem, Emmanuel E.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Bananas is an important staple food and cash crop in Tanzania, which generates huge waste quantities, currently underutilized and discarded causing detrimental impact to the environment. However, representsun-tapped bio-resource for bio-valorization into valuable bio-products. A waste audit case study was conducted for four common cultivars, Mshare-Kahuti, Mbwailuma (Matoke), Kisukari-Mshare and Kimalindiat Horticulture Research and Training Institute, Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania. Wastes quantities generated annually from one hectare were estimated at 57, 99, 64 and 125 tons/year for Mshare-Kahuti, Mbwailuma (Matoke), Kisukari-Mshare and Kimalindi, respectively. Methane yield of various wastes fresh fractions of Mshare-Kahuti (for cooking) and Kisukari-Mshare (for desserts) were investigated in batch anaerobic bioreactors (BAB). The highest methane yields for Mshare-Kahutiof 0.273 and KisukariMshare of 0.255m3 CH4/kg of volatile solids (VS) added were recorded from corm and peels banana waste fractions, respectively. The effect of solid state-fermentation pretreatment of banana wastes with Pleurotus sapidus (P 969) at 10% (wet wt bases) for 7, 14 and 21 incubation days on the extent of methane yield was also investigated in BAB. Maximum methane yields for Mshare-Kahuti and Kisukari-Mshare were 0.96andItem Characterisation and Evaluation of a Novel Feedstock, Manihot Glaziovii, Muell. Arg, for Production of Bioenergy Carriers: Bioethanol and Biogas(2014) Moshi, Anselm P.; Crespo, Carla F.; Badshah, Malik; Hosea, Ken M. M.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Elisante, Emrode; Mattiasson, BoThe objective of this study was to characterise and evaluate a wild inedible cassava species, Manihot glaziovii as feedstock for bioenergy production. Tubers obtained from 3 different areas in Tanzania were characterised and evaluated for bioethanol and biogas production. These bioenergy carriers were produced both separately and sequentially and their energy values evaluated based on these two approaches. Composition analysis demonstrated that M. glaziovii is a suitable feedstock for both bioethanol and biogas production. Starch content ranged from 77% to 81%, structural carbohydrates 3–16%, total crude protein ranged from 2% to 8%. Yeast fermentation achieved ethanol concentration of up to 85 g/L at a fermentation efficiency of 89%. The fuel energy of the bioethanol and methane from flour-peels mix ranged from 5 to 13 and 11 to 14 MJ/kg VS, respectively. Co-production of bioethanol and biogas in which the peels were added to the fermentation residue prior to anaerobic digestion produced maximum fuel energy yield of (15–23 MJ/kg VS).Item Combined Thermo-Microbial Pre-Treatments Methods for Enhanced Biogas Production from Nile Perch Fish Solid Waste in Tanzania(2012) Kassuwi, Shaaban A. A.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Anaerobic digestion (AD) of fish waste is difficult mainly due to high protein and lipid content which inhibit the process. Pre-treatments methods are option to improved AD of fish wastes for biogas production. Effects of heating, pasteurization separately and combined with CBR-11 bacteria strain culture (internal code) pre-treatment on biogas production from fish solid waste (FSW) was investigated in batch anaerobic bioreactors (BAB). The two thermo pre-treatment methods had a positive effect with best results 311 and 361 CH 4 ml/g volatile solids (VS) added obtained from heated FSW for 90 seconds at 130 o C and pasteurised FSW for 60 minutes at 70 o C, respectively. The highest methane yield were two fold compared with non-pre-treated FSW (163 CH 4 ml/gVS added). Heated and pasteurised FSW each separately combined with CBR 11 bacterial culture pre-treatment prior to AD had a maximum methane yield of 697 and 491 CH 4 ml/gVS added , respectively. Resulting in three to four fold increases in methane yield compared with non-pre-treated FSW (163 CH 4 ml/gVS added). The methane content of the biogas ranged between 70-81% regardless of pre-treatment methods employed. In conclusion combined thermo-microbial pre-treatment is a novel method for enhanced biogas production of FSW. However, remain to be tested in continuous anaerobic digester with or without co-digestion.Item Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus HK-37) on Solid Sisal Waste Fractions Supplemented With Cow Dung Manure(Macrothink Institute, 2013) Raymond, Prosper; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Solid sisal waste fractions which included composted sisal boles and sisal leaves decortication residues supplemented with cow dung manure at various rates used singly and/or in combination as substrates were investigated for cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus HK-37). The effect of the test sisal waste substrates and cow dung manure of various supplementation rates were evaluated by mushroom yield, biological efficiency and mushroom size. Pinheads occurred in all substrates within 3 to 5 weeks of transfer of bags to the cropping room. The overall best results of mushroom production were obtained in a substrate combination of 50 % sisal leaves + 50 % sisal boles (based on 450 g wet weight substrate) supplemented by 30 % cow dung manure with the mushroom yield of 184.64 g fresh mushrooms/kg moist substrate weight and percentage biological efficiency (B.E) of about 63 %. Mushroom size of 6.10 was obtained in sisal boles substrate supplemented by 20 % cow dung manure. Least yield of 26.73 g fresh mushrooms/kg moist substrate weight and lowest B.E of 8.95 % were obtained from non-supplemented substrate of sisal leaves alone. The study concluded that, supplementation using cow dung manure may play an important role on increasing the yield and productivity of Pleurotus HK-37 on solid sisal waste fractions under the conditions investigated.Item Cultivation of Pleurotus HK-37 and Pleurotus Sapidus (Oyster Mushrooms) on Cattail Weed (Typha Domingesis) Substrate in Tanzania(2011) Mshandete, Anthony M.The suitability cattails weed botanical fractions namely, stems and leaves (SL), spikes (SP), rhizomes and roots (RR) and whole cattail weed (WCW) as substrates for growing two oyster mushrooms was investigated at three spawn rates 1%, 1.5% and 4% on wet substrate weight basis using plastic bag technology cultivation under local conditions. Amongst data collected were yield, biological efficiency (BE), crop period, mushroom number and size. Maximum mushroom yield (297g/kg wet substrate), biological yield (826 g/kg dry substrate) were obtained in WCW at spawn rate of 4% for Pleurotus HK-37. In Pleurotus sapidus maximum mushroom yield (239 g/kg wet substrate) and biological yield (1027 g/kg dry substrate) were obtained from WCW and RR, respectively at 1.5% spawn rate. A maximum BE (101%) was obtained when Pleurotus HK-37 was grown on RR at spawn rate of 4%. Conversely, maximum BE (103%) for Pleurotus sapidus was obtained in RR at spawn rate of 1.5%, followed by (66%) in WCW at same spawn rate. The study recommends WCW as a new substrate for cultivation of Pleurotus HK 37 at spawn rate of 4% and Pleurotus sapidus, at spawn rate of 1.5% under local conditions, which is being reported for the first time in Tanzania.Item Cultivation of Tanzanian Coprinus Cinereus (Sisal Compost Mushroom) on Three Non-Composted Sisal Waste Substrates Supplemented With Chicken Manure at Various Rates(2011) Mwita, Liberata; Lyantagaye, Sylvester L.; Mshandete, Anthony M.Coprinus cinereus is a Tanzanian wild edible mushroom whose cultivation in the laboratory was performed in solid-state fermentation bioreactors using sisal decortication wastes namely; sisal dusts, sisal fibres and sisal leaves as basal substrates supplemented with chicken manure at various rates. Bioreactors containing 450 g wet weight of the three sisal wastes substrates each was supplemented with dry chicken manure at 0% (un-supplemented control), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of substrate dry weight. The effect of the test sisal waste substrates and chicken manure of various supplementation rates were evaluated by mushroom yield, (g fresh mushroom/kg moist substrate) and its biological efficiency, B.E. (relationship between fresh mushroom weight and dry substrate weight as percentage) and mushroom size (a ratio of total weight of fresh mushroom and total number of mushrooms). Each, sisal waste substrate and chicken manure supplement at various rates showed variable impact on mushroom yield, productivity and size. The overall best results of mushroom production were obtained in sisal dust at 25% chicken manure in terms of mushroom yield 381 g fresh mushrooms/kg moist substrate weight and its B.E. of 112% while mushroom size best results of 1.64 was obtained at 15% manure. In conclusion, results suggest that chicken manure from free-range chicken may play an important role on increasing the yield and productivity of Coprinus cinereus on sisal waste substrates under the conditions investigated.Item Cultivation of Three Types of Indigenous Wild Edible Mushrooms: Coprinus Cinereus, Pleurotus Flabellatus and Volvariella Volvocea on Composted Sisal Decortications Residue in Tanzania(2008) Mshandete, Anthony M.; Cuff, Joyce M.The periods for spawn running, pinhead and fruit body formation, number of flushes, yield and biological efficiency of the three Tanzanian wild edible mushrooms, Coprinus cinereus, Pleurotus flabellatus and Volvariella volvocea, grown on composted sisal decortications residue were studied. Results revealed that the organic ingredients in sisal decortications residue composted well within 21 days of composting, resulting in the formation of suitable compost, to support the growth of mycelia of the three edible mushrooms. The time for the first appearance of mushrooms was shortest for C. cinereus (10-11 days), followed by V. volvaceae (12-14 days), while that for P. flabellatus was 16-18 days. All three mushrooms produced at least five flushes; flush 1 gave the highest yield while flush 5 the lowest yield. The biological efficiency (B.E.) for C. cinereus, P. flabellatus and V. volvaceae was 68, 64 and 28%, respectively. Significant differences (P<0.05) in mushroom size, yield and % B.E. of the three mushrooms species were recorded. The results also showed that the B.E. (74%) of P. flabellatus grown on non-composted sisal decortications residue was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that grown on composted sisal decortications residue. The implications of this study are that sisal decortications residue could be used to cultivate very protein rich mushrooms for food while at the same time promoting environmental sustainability.Item Effect of Aerobic Pre-Treatment on Production of Hydrolases and Volatile Fatty Acids during Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Sisal Leaf Decortications Residues(2008) Mshandete, Anthony M.; Björnsson, Lovisa; Kivaisi, Amelia K.; Rubindamayugi, Mugassa S. T.; Mattiasson, BoThe effect of aerobic pretreatment on the production of hydrolases and volatile fatty acids during anaerobic digestion of solid sisal decortications leaf residue (SLDR) was investigated. Batch solid waste bioreactors with working volume of 2 litres were used in this study. Batch loads of aerobically treated or untreated sisal leaf residue inoculated with activated sludge mixed culture were packed into the bioreactors and operated anaerobically for 400 h. The fermentation products were mainly (mg/g total volatile fatty acids, VFAs): acetic acid (287), n-butyric acid (201), n-valeric acid (96) and caproic acid (62) as well as with low amounts of propionic acid and iso-butyric acid for aerobic pre-treated sisal leaf waste solids. Contrarily, for the untreated system, the fermentation products were chiefly (mg/g total volatile fatty acids): propionic acid (317), iso-butyric acid (276), n-butyric acid (96), acetic acid (84) and insignificant amounts of n-valeric acid, iso-valeric acid and caproic acid. Although the activities of hydrolytic enzymes found were similar for both treated and untreated SLDR, proportions of VFAs obtained with the former residues appeared to be better substrates for biomethanantion than those obtained from the latter substrates. These results indicated the potential of aerobic pre-treatment for enhanced bioconversion of SLDR. The present study, reports for the first time the types and levels of VFAs and hydrolases produced during anaerobic digestion of aerobic pre-treated SLDR and could be used as a basis for designing a pilot scale process.Item Effect Of Different Post Harvest Treatments on Nutritive and Antioxidant Activities of Wild Edible Coprinus Cinereus (Schaeff.) S.Gray from Tanzania(2012) Tibuhwa, Donatha D.; Lyantagaye, Sylvester L.; Mshandete, Anthony M.Coprinus cinereus is a wild edible and medicinal mushroom available in Tanzania. Methanolic extracts were prepared from whole young and immature mushrooms and the effect of eight different post harvest treatments on nutritional content, antioxidant component and scavenging activities on DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals were studied. Result showed that Coprinus cinereus fruit bodies are good source of antioxidant and proteins although post harvest treatments had profound effects, which varied significantly at (p<0.05). The highest scavenging ability (LD 50 = 0.119) was found from mushrooms sun dried for 5 days followed by (LD50= 0.133) recorded from young and immature mushrooms (control) while the least (LD50=4.24) was obtained from mushrooms dipped in boiling 10% salt water for 1minute. On the other hand, crude protein ranged between 7-26% with highest and lowest obtained from oven dried and boiled in 10% salt for 1 minute, respectively. For total flavonoid (mg RE/g) the highest value was obtained from control (44.7) followed by (41.13) recorded from oven dried mushrooms. The total phenolic (mg GAE/g) content and vitamin C (mg/100g) varied concurrently with same treatments. They were both higher in mushrooms dehydrated with silica gel (174.77) and (175.18) and lower in mushrooms dipped in boiling water for 5 minute (59.49) and (20.17), respectively. These findings demonstrated that Coprinus cinereus is a good source of protein and antioxidant and the best post harvest method is sun drying in which, not only the shelf life of the mushroom increases but also they retains most of good qualities including improved scavenging abilities.Item Effect of Particle Size on Biogas Yield from Sisal Fibre Waste(2006) Mshandete, Anthony M.; Björnsson, Lovisa; Kivaisi, Amelia K.; Rubindamayugi, Mugassa S. T.; Mattiasson, BoThe degradation and biogas production potential of sisal fibre waste could be significantly increased by pre-treatment for reduction of particle size. Batch-wise anaerobic digestion of sisal fibre waste was carried out in 1-l digesters with fibre sizes ranging from 2 to 100 mm, at an ambient temperature of 33 °C. Sediment from a stabilisation pond at a sisal production plant was used as starter seed. Total fibre degradation increased from 31% to 70% for the 2 mm fibres, compared to untreated sisal fibres. Furthermore, the results confirmed that methane yield was inversely proportional to particle size. Methane yield increased by 23% when the fibres were cut to 2 mm size and was 0.22 m3 CH4/kg volatile solids, compared to 0.18 m3 CH4/kg volatile solids for untreated fibres. By anaerobic digestion and biogas production, the 148,000 tonne of waste sisal fibres generated annually in Tanzania could yield 22 million m3 of methane, and an additional 5 million m3 of methane if pre-treatment by size reduction to 2 mm was applied.Item The Effect of the Interaction of Varying Chicken Manure Supplement Levels with Three Different Solid Sisal Wastes Substrates on Sporocarp Cap Lengths and Diameters, Stipe Lengths and Diameters and Dry Weights of Coprinus Cinereus (Schaeff) S. Gray S.Lat(2013) Mwita, Liberata N.; Lyantagaye, Sylvester L.; Mshandete, Anthony M.Coprinus cinereus (Schaeff) S. Gray s.lat is an indigenous Tanzanian edible and medicinal mushroom, which grows in the wild on decomposed sisal wastes heaps. In the laboratory, it was cultivated on three types of sisal wastes substrates each supplemented with varying chicken manure concentrations 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% using solid-state fermentation bioreactors. The results showed that the interaction of sisal dust, sisal fibres and sisal decortications leaves wastes substrates with chicken manure at varying concentrations, produced a highly significant effect (p < 0.05) on cap lengths and diameters, stipe lengths and diameters and dry weights of C. cinereus (Schaeff) S. Gray s.lat. The interactions of sisal dust waste with 5% chicken manure concentration induced longest mean cap length and widest mean cap diameter. On the other hand, the interaction of sisal leaves decortications wastes with 25% chicken manure concentration produced heaviest sporocarps mean dry weight. These findings for the first time illustrate importance of chicken manure supplementation in C. cinereus (Schaeff) S. Gray s.lat cultivation on sisal decortications wastes substrates.
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