Browsing by Author "Msangameno, Daudi J."

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    Assessment of Regional and Local Biodiversity in Tropical and Subtropical Coastal Habitats in the East African Marine Ecoregion
    (Springer, 2011) Barnes, Natalie; Bamber, Roger N.; Bennell, Graham; Cornelius, Nils; Glassom, David; Henderson, Sophie C. D.; Jiddawi, Narriman; Lee, Christine N. W.; Macia, Adriano; Msangameno, Daudi J.; Paula, José; Yahya, Saleh; Ferrero, Timothy J.
    The transboundary networks of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) project, TRANSMAP, assessed local turnover and regional biodiversity across the East African Marine Ecoregion, where inter-governmental co-operation has been working to connect local MPAs. The benthic fauna in the three most dominant habitats on this coastline— beaches, mangroves and seagrasses—were studied in two Regions (Northern Region, 10–13S; Southern Region, 25–28S). Meiofaunal taxa were used as the model faunal group owing to their diversity and abundance across habitat types and environmental conditions. Meiofaunal abundance averaged 2,500 individuals 10 cm-2 and was generally higher in mangrove and seagrass sediments than on the beaches, and was significantly different between habitats 9 Regions. In total, 18 taxa were recorded with highest diversity in the beach samples. Diversity indices and assemblage structure were signifi- cantly different between habitats, but also Regions. Specific granulometric 1U size classes,shore-height and number of rain days were the factors most significantly correlating with the observed assemblage patterns. Additionally, the size of a MPA and latitude (which correlated with MPA age, but not number of rain days), were the factors fitting best with meiofaunal assemblage patterns across the beaches, the habitat for which the most comprehensive data were generated. Sample diversity was higher in the Southern Region, and although within- and across-habitats diversity were similar across the Regions, the two Regions appeared to provide complementary habitats and supported different assemblages. Within the Regions, beaches (the only habitat for which more than one location was sampled) were significantly different between Locations, supporting the establishment of multiple protected locations of the same habitat within each transboundary MPA.
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    Intertidal and Nearshore Rocky Reefs
    (2015-06) Msangameno, Daudi J.
    Rocky shores and nearshore rocky reefs form extensive habitats along several coastlines, being an important marine biotope with considerable socio-ecological significance (Raffaelli and Hawkins 1996). They arise as a result of marine erosion of the over-burden and bedrock due to a combination of sea level rise and wave action in areas where there is low sediment supply (Ruwa 1996). These natural habitats may be extended by a plethora of manmade structures such as jetties, breakwaters, docks, groynes, dykes and seawalls, which essentially function as artificial rocky reefs (Crowe and others, 2000, Moschella and others, 2005). The nature and properties of rocky shores and reefs are primarily related to the mode of their formation (Yorath and Nasmith 2001), with most being comprised of limestone, basalt and granite. Their physical properties such hardness and porosity vary, with limestone and basaltic rocks being more porous than granite. This, in turn, determines the patterns of settlement and establishment of marine epibenthic organisms on them (UNEP/ Nairobi Convention Secretariat 2009). In many tropical regions where such reefs are mostly formed from raised fossilised coral, the rock may be pitted, cracked and/or creviced. This creates heterogeneous environments with numerous rock pools, overhangs, gullies and caves. However, in the arctic and cold temperate regions, such reefs are often formed from glacial action and, hence, are mostly dominated by boulders with deep interstitial spaces. In spite of some uniformity within similar latitudinal settings, rocky reefs are highly variable and, depending on local geology, they can range from steep overhanging cliffs to wide, gently-shelving platforms, and from smooth, uniform slopes to highly dissected, irregular masses or even extensive boulder beaches (Steffani 2000). Rocky reefs are, therefore, rarely smooth slabs of rock, but are instead complex environments which abound with cracks, crevices, gullies and pools, creating special habitats with their own sets of advantages and limitations (Raffaelli and Hawkins 1996).
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    Livelihoods of Coastal Communities in Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park, Tanzania
    (Springer, 2014) Mangora, Mwita M.; Shalli, Mwanahija. S.; Msangameno, Daudi J.
    Marine protected areas (MPAs) are created to manage people’s behavior in their use of coastal and marine resources. Although MPAs have strived to deliver the objects of resource protection, they often face challenges in translating the accrued benefits into enhanced livelihoods of local communities in and around their areas of jurisdiction. We used Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park (MBREMP) in Tanzania to appraise the scenario of pro-poor conservation. The purpose of comparison between park and non-park villages was done to verify the hypothesis that establishment and operations of MPAs impairs local socio-economic practices without robust provision of alternative livelihood safety nets. Agriculture remains a persistent livelihood occupation both in park and non-park villages. Artisanal fishing is a substantial livelihood occupation in seafront villages but a secondary activity in overall. Income and expenditure patterns indicated that non-park villages are better-off with significantly high income to expenditure ratios. Fishing make the most contribution to income in sea front villages as agriculture is doing in non-fishing villages. Impacts on livelihoods emanate from disrupted resource use patterns which significantly influence the communities’ perception on need, role and overall acceptance of the marine park. Traditional access and user rights are marred by MPA operations putting at stake livelihood security of the communities therein. Alternative strategies have not yet been given due thrust and local communities remain insecure in accessing political assets such as cooperatives, community credit schemes and financial assets such as government and/or commercial banking sponsored schemes and loans. Local communities are already carrying the costs of denied access to livelihood sources, but the marine park is not quick enough to translate the accrued value and benefit of the improved resource base in enhancing local communities’ livelihood and welfare. Reducing pressure on marine resources through sound management interventions will have to be accompanied by mitigating measures to safeguard household food security, such as compensation, and developing alternative sources of income. There is still considerable polarization between conservation and socio-economic welfare of the people. MPAs sould focus on combining resource management with livelihood opportunities that provide economic benefits in the short-run to address economic disruptions emanating from disrupted access to the once common resources.
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    Predator People Conflict: A Central Dilemma in Environmental Management
    (2002) Sharma, C. M.; Msangameno, Daudi J.; Melles, E. F.; Seabo, G. M.; Kiyemba, P.; Abbas, Muslim
    This paper describes one of the central issues in the management of natural resources, the predator and people conflicts. A case study drawn from Nepal was used to describe who the stakeholders are. Their arguments, interests and objectives on the conservation area were presented. Often local people near the protected areas are treated as co-managers in the new paradigm of conservation strategies, participatory approaches. This approach seems to be good in the management of biodiversity where local people could realise that the protected areas are created for their own benefit so that they are directly involved in the management as one of the stakeholders. The management practices in different parts of the world are different and context specific, which is explained by comparing the case study with Norway. Biodiversity conservation is regarded as a complex policy field using different instruments, e.g., legal and economic for its success. Presently, there is increased interest in the use of economic instruments. In view of this, the possibilities and implications of economic instruments in biodiversity management in relation to power use, responses, conflicts and criteria of efficiency and legitimacy have been described in this paper. Finally, Cost Benefit Approach was discussed in relation to how it could be used to analyse the efficiency of a policy instrument such as legal ban on alternative uses of substantial tracts of land.
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    Scaling Effects of Proximate Desertification Drivers on Soil Nutrients in Northeastern Tanzania
    (Elsevier, 2008-10-31) Oba, G.; Weladji, R. B.; Msangameno, Daudi J.; Kaitira, L. M.; Stave, J.
    We tested the scaling effects of proximate desertification drivers (i.e. soil erosion, bush encroachment and grazing pressure) on soil nutrients in northeastern Tanzania. We analyzed nutrient concentrations in the desertified and non-degraded benchmark. For the desertified landscapes we analyzed nutrient concentrations at the coarse (landscape), medium (micro-landscape) and sampling unit (fine scale) levels. Further, for the desertified micro-landscapes, we used the differences in total nutrient concentrations to identify moderately dysfunctional and dysfunctional micro-landscapes. The desertified micro-landscapes had an overall lower soil organic matter, total nitrogen and exchangeable phosphorus, and soil water, but had elevated cation exchange capacity and soluble bases compared with the benchmark. Different intensities of desertification processes, mediated by the three proximate desertification drivers, produced varied amounts of nutrients corresponding with moderately dysfunctional and dysfunctional micro-landscapes. The dysfunctional micro-landscapes had the lowest nutrient availability. The effects of proximate desertification drivers on pooled nutrients were scale-independent. For individual nutrients only pH, soil water and Mg++ showed scaling effects at the coarse or medium scales for soil erosion, while for grazing pressure pH, soil water, CEC, Na+, Mg2++ and Ca2++ showed scale dependence. The scaling effects were interlinked with landscape processes that operated simultaneously and interactively with different drivers.