Research Repository :: Browsing by Author "Mallya, Ernest T."

Browsing by Author "Mallya, Ernest T."

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Accountability and Transparency at the Grassroots Level: The Experience of Tanzania
(2009-11) Mallya, Ernest T.
It is fashionable today to hear that it is necessary to have good governance as a means to development. Good governance as prescribed by the advocates includes several elements such as rule of law, constitutionalism, the observance of human rights, regular free and fair elections, accountability and transparency, among others. It is believed that the combination of these elements creates a conducive atmosphere for the conduct of government business that is pro-people, and one that is likely to accelerate the development process. Many developing countries are at different stages of trying to have these features in place. Tanzania too is trying. There have been different reform programmes and projects including Local Government Reforms, Public Service Reforms, Financial Sector Reforms as well as Legal Sector Reform. Further there are efforts to make the government more efficient through e-government.
Aids, Poverty and Representative Democracy in Tanzania
(2009-01) Mallya, Ernest T.
The United Republic of Tanzania comprises the Mainland Tanzania (Tanganyika) and Zanzibar. The Mainland attained its independence from Britain under the leadership of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) on 9th December, 1961. In Zanzibar the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) staged a revolution on 12th January, 1964 ousting an Arab-dominated coalition after an election late 1963. A Union between Zanzibar and Tanganyika came into being on 26th April 1964. By the operation of law, TANU was the sole political party on the Mainland from 1965 while ASP remained the only political organization in Zanzibar. On the 5th February, 1977 TANU and ASP merged to form Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) and the two governments came under a single political party, CCM. Constitutionally there have always been two governments: the Union Government and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. The Government of the United Republic has jurisdiction over all Union matters throughout the United Republic and over Non-Union Matters on the Mainland. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) has jurisdiction over all Non-Union matters in Zanzibar.
Civil Society Organizations, Incompetent Citizens, the State and Popular Participation in Tanzania
(2009-01) Mallya, Ernest T.
Civil society organisations have played a vital role in the relationship between the state and society. In Africa they have come into existence for different purposes, ranging from ‘self-help’, where the state has failed to help its citizens, to human rights, as the wave of democratisation has peaked, and economic rights, when a country’s economy has crashed and governmental capacity declined to the extent that the population has had to take care of itself without help from the government. In Tanzania CSOs have had to play a more extensive role because many citizens are not politically competent and CSOs have had to take the lead in strengthening the demand side of the political equation. But this role is questionable in cases where CSOs have taken to speaking for and representing people in many forums without the consent of those they claim to represent. In the process CSOs, like NGOs, have compromised their autonomy, becoming close allies and partners of the state. The dilemma is that if they do not do this they cannot help the people they purport to help and if they do they are seen to be usurping the power of the people. The way forward is to empower citizens to assume their role as citizens and to ensure that the relationship between CSOs and the state remains beneficial to all.
Constitutionalism and Good Governance in East Africa; The Relevance of the Commonwealth: The Case of Tanzania
(2007-11) Mallya, Ernest T.
The mission statement of the Commonwealth Secretariat, the central organising organ of the activities of the Commonwealth, says that: We work as a trusted partner for all Commonwealth people as a force for peace, democracy, equality and good governance; a catalyst for global consensus-building; and a source of assistance for sustainable development and poverty eradication. This is an all-round statement whose targets are a dream for any country that seeks to build a democratic society with an economy that is vibrant and that caters for everybody in an equitable manner. The statement contains all the ideals we hear from different quarters – whether the United Nations (UN) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and its wider agenda in general, the African Union ( AU) and its Constitutive Act or the East African Community ( EAC) and its Treaty and so on. This forum has principles which, if followed, could make a difference, in many ways, to the diverse situations that exist in the Commonwealth itself. However, these good ideals are bogged down by other facts about the forum, which include the lack of a charter or constitution, the fact that it is a voluntary “club” which members can join or quit as they wish, and the lack of enforcement powers when it comes to sanctions and the like.
A Critical Look at Tanzania’s Development Vision 2025
(2000-01) Mallya, Ernest T.
By the mid-1980s Tanzania realized that her development policies and strategies had proved a failure as far as socio-economic development was concerned. In 1986, the until-thenresistant regime to IMF and World Bank packages aimed at providing economic reform assistance gave in and a reform package was agreed upon. The content of the package included policies that were at loggerheads with the key components of the policy of Socialism and Self Reliance as outlined in the 1967 Arusha Declaration: The fundamental policy that guided most sectoral development policies. Political and economic developments led to further sidelining of the Arusha Declaration policies when, for example, the Zanzibar Resolution of, 1991 did away with an important pillar of the Declaration -the Leadership Code. Causes of the failure of the Arusha Declaration policies to realize the intended objectives can be attributed to internal and external factors. In short we can say social- ism had failed and capitalism was winning, and winning fast! With these political and economic developments Tanzania found herself without a meta-policy to serve as the basis and guide for the development effort. Something had to be put in place for that purpose. In 1995, the government appointed a group of experts to formulate a policy document to that effect in consultation with the different sections of the Tanzanian community at large. The outcome was the Tanzania Development Vision 2025.
Dealing with Conflict of Interests: Separating Business from Politics in Tanzania
(2012-01) Mallya, Ernest T.
This paper is about conflict of interest in government circles. It is about the emerging trend in Tanzania where politicians have started becoming businesspersons and the other way round, thereby making many political process especially elections a matter for those who have a financial muscle. To correct this, the top leadership thought of ways to separate politics from business. This has been a big challenge because the matter is not an easy one and more so for a developing country like Tanzania where the infrastructure for handling potential conflict of interest is almost absent. Such concepts and practices as blind trusting are a far fetched idea in Tanzania. Efforts such as having a leadership code have been on and off depending on regimes and somehow the need to revert to the castigated ujamaa principles is seen as one way to deal with this issue. The multiparty political system that has been around for almost two decades has made matters more difficult in that the rules of the game for entering politics at national level have tended to work against the newer parties. To address this and other crippling problems in the political system it is proposed that the entire way political parties are funded and how the electoral processes are carried out need to be reworked to make access to elective posts less demanding, as well as strengthening the democracy protection institutions that are in place before trying the huge experiment of separating politics from business – which is at the moment very difficult.
Democracy Protection Institutions in Southern Africa: The Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance of Tanzania
(2009-01) Mallya, Ernest T.
EISAis a not-for-profit organisation established in the mid-1990s and based in Johannesburg, South Africa. Its mission is mainly to promote quality electoral processes in the SADC region. But electoral processes require other related and necessary processes, structures and conditions to obtain if elections are to be free, fair and democratic. With this in mind EISA has been engaged in programmes targeting such structures as political parties, electoral management boards, civil society organisations of all kinds, governance institutions in African countries, and so on. EISA’s vision is ‘An African continent where democratic governance, human rights and citizen participation are upheld in a peaceful environment’.
Democracy, Markets Economy and the Challenges of Community Health Systems for HIV Treatment: The Case of Tanzania
(2013-01) Mallya, Ernest T.
Every time when an existing social, political or economic system is changed, some participants in the community benefit while others lose in one way or another. This is much so when it comes to changes in political systems as well as economic systems. For the African continent, there have been system changes in both the economy and in politics and in some cases it has been forward and backward depending on the successes or failures experienced with every change. The economic changes came with the surge of the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) involvement in African economies in the early 1980s after many of the Sub-Saharan African countries experienced huge economic problems due to a catalogue of reasons ranging from mismanagement, corruption, natural calamities, failed states, unequal world economic system to internal and imposed political upheavals.
Development of Women NGOs: Case Studies of Land and Sexual Harassment Legislation
(2001-04) Mallya, Ernest T.
Gender has nowadays become one of the major ways to classify population in societies. Much as it may look natural, there is more into it than the sexual divide that exists between men and women. There is a big imbalance in many aspects when it comes to men and women that has been created not by nature but by social constructions; unfortunately the tilt has in many cases been against women. Statisticians – whether from the World Bank, national governments or locally-based NGOs use this classification in order to highlight the extent to which the sexual divide one belongs to can be advantageous or disadvantageous in relation to access to resources, division of labour, participation in politics, and so on. As most of us are aware, the female gender has been disadvantaged in most aspects. However, women have decided to organize and address the situation. They have now realized that they have been victims of unjust socio-political systems and that there has to be a fight back.
FBOs, the State and Politics in Tanzania
(2008-04) Mallya, Ernest T.
Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs) are one of the central actors within the community of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the developing countries, especially in Africa. To a large extent, they have been busy with development agenda for much longer than most of the other CSOs in that they either came with the Evangelization of African societies in the 19th Century or the Islamization of the East Coast of the continent even much earlier. As defined by Linz and Stepan (1996) civil society is that area of a polity where self-organizing and relatively autonomous groups, movements, and individuals attempt to articulate values, to create associations and solidarities, and to advance interests and occupies the space between an individual and the government. In this wide context, there are, among others, voluntary groups that can be very well organized as well as not-so-well organized, and which assist members to interact in a manner that is beneficial to each – politically, socially, economically, and so on. CSOs in general, can be distinguished between formal and informal, which correspond to the first characteristics on these organizations – being well organized or not that much organized. The former would include such organizations as labour unions, which adhere to codified rules and need governmental sanctions to operate, among other conditions. Informal organizations consist of groups of individuals, who cooperate in different ways for the benefit of their own communities, for collective action, financing, and the provision of services, e.g. neighbourhood vigilante groups, user groups, and informal support groups such as burial solidarity groups. This distinction can correspond to the levels of activity and one organization can be related to. Most of the FBOs in Tanzania belong to the organized category.
Governance, Local Governments and the Constituency Development Catalyst Fund in Tanzania
(2013-12) Mallya, Ernest T.; Kessy, Flora L.
Constituency Development Funds (CDFs) are decentralization initiatives which send funds from the central government to each constituency for expenditure on development projects intended to address particular local needs. A key feature of CDF schemes is that members of Parliament typically exert control over how funds are spent. This paper provides an overview of CDFs and whether they have made any difference in the management of public resources and in governance in Tanzania. It highlights the controversies the CDFs have raised including the questions raised by civil society organizations about the legitimacy of the legislative arm doing work meant for the executive. The findings show that the CDFs are yet to make an impact, are little
Law and Order in Tanzania: A Prime Vote Winner?
(1994-08) Mallya, Ernest T.
The Political Cost of AIDS in Africa: Tanzania
(Idasa, South Africa, 2008-01) Mallya, Ernest T.; Kessy, Flora L.; Mashindano, Oswald
Promises, Pains and Realities of Coalition Politics in Tanzania
(2005-07) Mallya, Ernest T.
Coalition politics tends to be one of the necessary practices in political systems that allow multiparty and competitive politics. Depending on the rules on the ground, coalition politics has, from time to time and in some political systems, become the only way for political parties to have the standard requirement of democratic politics for government formation – the majority. In a multiparty system where there are several viable political parties, and the playing field is somewhat level, the chances are, any one political party might need to coalesce with others in order to have the required majority in order to form government, or share power. Those who are seeking to coalesce have always done that in trying to get representation and/or share power in a political system. If they could get these on their own, they would not seek the coalitions. In many of the emerging new democracies in Africa, coalitions have been sought to strengthen the party in power or to create a viable opposition in the respective legislative bodies. There are cases where the formation of coalitions has led to the consolidation of democracy in the sense that either the respective political systems have been more stable, or decades-long domination by some political parties has had to come to an end. There are also case where coalitions have ended in failure.
Tanzania
(2010-01) Nalla, Mahesh K.; Mallya, Ernest T.
Tanzania: L’economia politica della democratizzazione
(2006-01) Mallya, Ernest T.
Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. Like the rest of the poor countries, there have been, for the past twenty years now, internal and external efforts to try and free the country from the woes of poverty that can be seen all over the country. There have been many theories attempting at an explanation of what went wrong in Tanzania. These range from colonial domination – and the resultant theories like dependencia, underdevelopment and so on, to those which pin down capitalism and its “predatory” nature leading to, among other things, to unequal exchange on the world market, world division of labour, etc, (Ellis, 1983; Dutkiewicz et. al, 1987); as well as the ubiquitous globalization currently affecting many aspects of life. However, not all see these theories are capable of providing a plausible explanation of what happened and why. Others see it as a structural problem in general as well as inappropriate policies pursued by many poor countries as it was candidly acknowledged by the Organization of African Unity (1986: 17). Others blame the way the policy was implemented (for example Babu, 199: 31 – 34, Shivji, 1974: 85 - 90). We will pursue the last paradigm of seeing the causes of the predicament more closely and see how things are being changed now.
Uchaguzi Mkuu 2005 na Demokrasia Baina ya Vyama
(2006-07) Mallya, Ernest T.
Women NGOs And the Policy Process in Tanzania: The Case of the Land Act of 1999
(2005-01) Mallya, Ernest T.
The economic reforms that have taken place in many African countries have necessarily led to political reforms as well. The re-introduction of multiparty politics in Tanzania opened up the political space through political liberalization and led to other developments including the founding of NGOs specifically those that cater to women's needs. In Tanzania, women created NGOs that have seen several legal and constitutional changes in their favor. Tanzania's Land Act is one such legislation. The politics involved in the search for influencing policy outputs in gender-imbalanced society through gender-specific NGOs is the main point of discussion in this paper.

Browsing by Author "Mallya, Ernest T."

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