Browsing by Author "Maliva, Nelly Samson"

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    Can ‘Others’ construct sustainability? The inclusiveness of local people in tourism development
    (University of Dar es Salaam Business School, 2016) Maliva, Nelly Samson
    For long time the ability of the local people, especially in developing countries, to construct sustainable tourism has been doubtful. The characteristics of the industry such as foreign domination, and enclavement have been explained to limit local people to participate to the mainstream tourism economy. The participation of local people to the industry is claimed to be constrained by the inequality that is mainly caused by the relationship between guests and hosts during the production and consumption of tourism. Local people are also claimed to be constrained by societal values, norms, and their perceptions of the tourists’ activities, which opposes their values. Moreover local people are explained to be marginalised in tourism industry because they lack some qualification to enter into the industry. As a result the local people are regarded as the ‘Others’ in the industry. This paper addresses the sustainability of tourism in developing countries by examining the different ways that ‘the Others’ use to participate in the industry. By using the empirical data and the concept of social exclusion the paper shows the different strategies that the others use to cope with the industry marginalisation. It uses the case of Zanzibar the place that is characterised by the growing tourism industry with a wide range of tourist activities and tourism investments. Local people in Zanzibar are known by their strong attachment to Swahili culture which is highly informed by Islamic culture which is often opposes tourism activities and thus influences society’s perceptions of tourism opportunities and benefits: for many people, working directly with tourists is not acceptable. Social exclusion is defined as ‘a process and a state that prevents individuals or groups from full participation in social, economic and political life and from asserting their rights; it derives from exclusionary relationships’ is used to view different people’s coping strategies. The qualitative methods were used to compile and interpret the empirical data. The study found out that local people contribute significantly in challenging the said exclusion because of the roles that they play in the industry. The increased tourists activities in Zanzibar have make local people to feel that tourism is a part and parcel of their lives. Thus, some people see the presence of tourists is exposure to advancement because they get an opportunity to learn. Thus, they have entered in tourism in order to take advantages of the exposure by creating social networks with the foreigners. Some of people, who have been affected by the enclavements, have found other ways in order to enter into tourism. They are either employed directly by the tourism enterprises or by establishing their own ventures in the industry. Therefore, the paper concludes that, the inclusiveness of Others in tourism despite of the limited space to access tourism opportunities, have enabled them to play crucial role in construction of sustainable development.
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    Entrepreneurial Attributes and Informal tourism sector development in Zanzibar: A gender perspective.
    (University of Dar es Salaam Business School, 2016) Maliva, Nelly Samson
    This paper explores the way different strategies that women use to negotiate with the environment in order to work in tourism industry shape their entrepreneurial traits. It uses the African socio-cultural environment framework (Rutashobya and Nchimbi, 1999), to show that women are not only ‘pushed’ and ‘pulled’ by the environment but they can also ‘push’ and ‘pull’ the environment in order to achieve their goals in lives. Their entrepreneurial traits are shaped by their ability to view the environment and be able to choose either to accept as it is or challenge it and find their own ways. Furthermore, the paper uses post-structuralism approach to show that the choices that women made contribute to construct the environment that they face. The research were conducted in Zanzibar in order to capture the richness of the context in terms of growing informal business especially in culture tourism as well as the traditions, which are informed by Swahili culture. The research employed interpretivism paradigm to capture women’s experiences through their life histories. In depth-interviews were conducted to 28 women who were selected purposively. The findings of the research revealed the entrepreneurial traits for women are shaped by their attempt to influence and be influenced by their religion, marriages, family, and education amongst other aspects of socio-cultural environment. Women have been able to either to find the type of the business that enables them to cope with the environment. Some women do home based activities, mainly production of handcrafts and cosmetics. Nearly all women in this group they do so because they want to comply with their traditions. Some other women do public based activities, mainly selling products direct to the tourists in shops and vending in beach and areas along the hotels. This group of women want to get more benefits so they negotiate with the environment by adjusting their households’ roles. The practical implication of this study is the need design programs that will expose women to the environment that will enable them to view the environment, make their choices and develop their entrepreneurial tendencies.
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    Factors Influencing Consumers’ Convenience Shopping of Industrial Products: A Study of Kinondoni District
    (University of Dar es Salaam Business School, 2017-08) Maliva, Nelly Samson
    The organized retail shops of Tanzania are facing intense competition. With the opening of new shops and coming in of international brands due to free market economy, this competition has further intensified. Hence it is very difficult for retailers to maintain an advantageous position only by offering good products, reasonable prices and effective promotions. In such a situation, offering convenience shopping can be profitable for retailers. It can stimulate consumers’ shopping action and then can result in enhancing consumer perceived value and repeat visits in retail shops. This paper analyzes factors influencing consumers’ convenience shopping of industrial products. Study area is Kinondoni district. Data was collected from 300 respondents in retail shops, and analyzed descriptively. Multiple Linear Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. It was found that location, salesperson, products layout and customer services are the factors that influence consumers’ convenience shopping of industrial products. The study suggests that for the retail shops to be competitive in the market place, they should consider these factors. This study provides empirical evidence on factors influencing consumers’convenience shopping of industrial products in developing economies
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    Female Tourism Entrepreneurs in Zanzibar: An Enactment Perspective
    (Cognizant Communication Corporation, 2018-03-14) Maliva, Nelly Samson; Bulkens, Maartje; Peters, Karin; Van Der Duim, Rene
    Although gender has become an established research topic in tourism studies over the last decades, the role of religion in relation to women participating in tourism has been less explored. Moreover, gender has been mainly discussed from a Western perspective, while other viewpoints have received little attention. By focusing on women participating in the tourism industry in Zanzibar we make a contribution to both voids in tourism studies. This article provides an account of how Zanzibari women working in tourism are confronted with particular constraints brought about by the Islamization of Swahili culture. Moreover, it is argued that whereas women find themselves bound up by particular Islamic norms and values, they are able through the enactment of their environments to challenge, negotiate, and resist these. In so doing they create the freedom to make their own choices, which, as will be shown, reach beyond their labor position. The research findings are discussed in terms of the concept of enactment as proposed by Weick in 1995 and explore the ability of women to participate in the construction of their own environment. The article concludes by arguing that women enact their environments in diverse ways, and how these environments are understood by them as either constraining or enabling them in taking over agency over their lives.
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    Gender Equality and 50% - 50% representation notion: A case of women in higher learning institutions
    (Dar Es Salaam University College of Education, 2017-04) Maliva, Nelly Samson
    This study uses the post-structuralism standpoints to analyze the position of women academicians in higher learning institutions. It goes beyond seeing that women are misrepresented in different positions in workplaces by exploring extent to which they have been practicing their freedom to choose what they desire to do in their lives. As such it regards women as the active actors who are able to negotiate with the situations and environment that are said to constraint their actions and choices. The study has used sensemaking theory as a lens to see the different ways that women use to see the environment and find their own ways of encountering them. By doing so they influence and be influenced by the environment through the different strategies that they use to encounter the environment. It uses the autoethnomethodology methods that reflects the author’s experience as the participant observer. The findings of the study shows to the great extent, participate in influencing their mis-representations in different positions in workplaces. As such they have shown their ability to exercise the freedom of choice. For them this freedom of give them the opportunity to choose what they value in their lives. As such, gender equality cannot be explained by statistics but their level of using their agency. The finding of this article is important for the policy makers, as it shows that women are not constrained by the structures (such as societal and institutional cultures) but by their own inclinations. As such they are ‘the authors of their own constraints and opportunities’. It is important, therefore to expose them to educational programs that will give them confidence to act.
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    Women Entrepreneurs’ Access to Tourism Markets: A Comparison Between Tanzania and Sweden
    (University of Dar es Salaam Business School, 2017-08) Maliva, Nelly Samson
    Accessing tourism markets has been a challenge for both developed and developing countries. However, there may be prevailing differences between men and women in production and consumption of tourism. This study aims at finding out the way these differences play a role in the motivation for women to start a tourism business, and if they are running such a business,the challenges that they face in accessing the tourist markets. The study applies the comparative approach, using case studies of women who are engaged in tourism as entrepreneurs from Tanzania and Sweden in order to examine their situations in terms of their background and context. From an interpretivist perspective and a post-modernist constructivism approach, the case study methodology was applied and their experiences were captured by using in-depth interviews. The results show that women are motivated to work in the industry by their need to achieve their different goals in lives. Women from both contexts are influenced by the tourism market stakeholders’ perception of women’s position in the industry. The main differences are that, Swedish women show that dealing with the challenges is determined mostly by the levels of their capabilities and confidence. On the contrary, women in Tanzania show that their ability to deal with challenges is mainly influenced by the interactions and perceptions of other stakeholders and society
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    Women Entrepreneurs’ Strategies and Tourism Development in Zanzibar
    (University of Dar es Salaam Business School, 2017) Maliva, Nelly Samson
    This article uses the concept of enactment to determine how the strategies women adopt to work in the tourism industry contribute to the development of the industry in Zanzibar. The article positions women as capable of negotiating with the structures that constrain their participation in the tourism industry and that they are an integral part of the environment they live or operate in. It identifies the strategies they use and their coping mechanism. As women in the Zanzibar archipelago have generally been limited in their exposure to formal education, they deploy their household competence to thrive in the industry. In addition, they play a balancing act to ensure they accommodate the needs of their marriages and societal culture while engaging in the tourism industry. Besides they trust and act upon their own choices. The strategies they adopt are either for maintaining respect by conforming to the established norms and values or getting more benefits from tourism by neglecting complying with those traditions. As such, women choose to work as producers, retailers or distributers. Through their work choices, the women in Zanzibar have added value to the distribution chain and contribute by supplying crafts and cosmetics that help to foster cultural tourism.