Research Repository :: Browsing by Author "Maganga, Faustin P."

Browsing by Author "Maganga, Faustin P."

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Capturing Critical Institutionalism: A Synthesis of Key Themes and Debates
(Palgrave Macmillan Journals, 2014) Hall, Kurt; Cleaver, Frances; Franks, Tom; Maganga, Faustin P.
The article aims to provide a synthesis of key discussions within scholarship that is critical of Mainstream Institutionalism. It adopts a thematic approach to chart debate and areas of convergence about key issues. The first section of the article briefly charts the rise to prominence of the mainstream ‘collective action’ school. Each of the themes identified as central to the alternative critical approach is then examined in turn. These are the ‘homogenous community’ critique, the avoidance of politics critique (further divided into ideational politics and politics of local empowerment) and the sociological critique. The article concludes by reflecting on the challenge of ‘making complexity legible’ that faces the nascent critical tradition in institutional analysis.
Climate Change in Tanzania: Trends, Policies and Initiatives
(2008) Benjaminsen, Tor A.; Bryceson, Ian; Maganga, Faustin P.
Contested Identities and Resource Conflicts in Morogoro Region, Tanzania : Who is Indigenous?
(Oxford University Press, 2007) Maganga, Faustin P.; Odgaard, Rie
The Formal Divide: Customary Rights and the Allocation of Credit to Agriculture
(2016) Stein, H.; Odgaard, Rie; Askew, Kelly; Maganga, Faustin P.; Cunningham, Sam
A Hidden Pitfall for REDD: Analysis of Power Relation in Participatory Forest Management on Whether It Is an Obstacle or a Reliever on REDD Pathway
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2015) Makatta, Angelingis A.; Maganga, Faustin P.; Majule, Amos E.
Power relation among stakeholders is a key concept in collaborative approaches. This study aims to examine the reality of the acclaimed power sharing in Participatory Forest Management (PFM) and implication of existing power relation to the national REDD+ programme in Tanzania. The study involved a review of PFM policy and legal supporting documents; meta-analysis of previous studies done at two sites known to have succeeded in PFM; and empirical study at Kolo-Hills forests. Methods used include the meta-analysis of existing literature; Household Questionnaire Survey; Focused Group Discussion; and key person unstructured interviews. Results revealed that a large part of the PFM processes involved power struggle instead of power sharing. REDD+ pilot was perceived to have succeeded in improving PFM only in villages where the majority of the community about 70% experienced higher levels of inclusiveness and power balance with other PFM stakeholders in PFM processes. Power imbalance and power struggle were also noted in the REDD+ project adoption processes. Thus power relations exercised under PFM fall under potential obstacle rather than a reliever to the REDD+ programme. The study recommends reviewing of PFM legal frameworks to strengthen community empowerment for effectiveness of REDD+ on PFM platform.
Implications of Customary Norms and Laws for Implementing IWRM: Findings from Pangani and Rufiji Basins, Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2004) Maganga, Faustin P.; Kiwasila, Hilda L.; Juma, Ibrahim H.; Butterworth, John A.
This paper presents the preliminary findings of a WARFSA-funded study, whose objective is to facilitate the formulation of better policies and guidelines for implementing IWRM through a case study of local water conflicts. It is observed that, although the current water reforms in the country focus on the use of statutory legal systems to regulate the use of water resources, the country operates under a plural legal system. Apart from the statutory laws, diverse customary systems are relied upon in resolving waterrelated conflicts. Neglect of these norms and laws may have negative consequences for the majority of the villagers who rely on them. The paper presents some of the water-related conflicts in the study areas and the views of government authorities and river basin managers regarding customary norms and laws for water resource management. Also, the paper describes how different types of conflicts over water resources are handled through official legal channels.
The Implications of Improved Communications for Participatory Forest Management in Tanzania
(John Wiley & Sons, 2009-02-03) Robinson, Elizabeth J. Z.; Maganga, Faustin P.
Following the 1998 National Forest Policy and Forest Act of 2002, participatory forest management (PFM) is being introduced in Tanzania. PFM has two key objectives: to reduce forest degradation thereby increasing ecosystem services, and to improve the livelihoods of local villagers. A unique data set collected in 2006 suggests that significant challenges remain with respect to communicating the new forest policies if the objectives of PFM are to be achieved. First, villagers as a group are much less well informed than other stakeholders, and their knowledge is often inaccurate. Second, women are less likely than men to have heard of the changes. Third, how PFM will contribute to poverty reduction (a key objective of PFM) is not always clear. Fourth, environmental degradation may not be reduced as much as anticipated – without alternatives sources, villagers often continue to cut trees for charcoal and firewood in the protected forests. Finally, several mismatches in perceptions are identified that could lead to difficulties in implementing PFM.
The Implications of Recent Institutional and Policy Changes for Irrigation Development in Tanzania
(University of Dar Es Salaam Press, 2005) Sosovele, H.; Maganga, Faustin P.
Incorporating customary Laws in Implementation of IWRM: Some Insights from Rufiji River Basin, Tanzania
(Pergamon, 2003) Maganga, Faustin P.
The Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) paradigm, which underpin current water reforms in Tanzania focus on the use of statutory legal systems to regulate the use of water resources. However, Tanzania operates under a plural legal system, where the diverse customary systems are relied upon in the implementation of IWRM. Very few human activities are regulated by statutory laws alone. Neglect of customary laws may cause IWRM implementation to fail, or will have negative consequences for individuals and groups who were better served by customary-based systems. This paper describes statutory and customary systems of managing water resources and discusses some of the challenges of implementing IWRM whilst taking appropriate account of customary laws in Tanzania, with the Rufiji River Basin as a case study.
Institutions, Security, and Pastoralism: Exploring the Limits of Hybridity
(2013-12) Cleaver, Frances; Franks, Tom; Hall, Kurt; Maganga, Faustin P.
This article furthers our understanding of how state and citizens interact to produce local institutions and examines the effects of these processes. It brings critical institutional theory into engagement with ideas about everyday governance to analyze how hybrid arrangements are formed through bricolage. Such a perspective helps us to understand governance arrangements as both negotiated and structured, benefiting some and disadvantaging others. To explore these points the article tracks the evolution of the Sungusungu, a hybrid pastoralist security institution in the Usangu Plains, Tanzania. It also considers the wider implications of such hybrid arrangements for livelihoods, social inclusion, distributive justice, and citizenship.
Kihansi Area Conservation Plan. A Consultant Report Submitted to NORPLAN AS.
(2001) Majule, Amos; Mwalyosi, R.B.B; Shishira, E.K; Yanda, Pius Z.; Kauzeni, A.S.; Mung’ong’o, C.G; Maganga, Faustin P.
The Kilosa killings: Political ecology of a farmer–herder conflict in Tanzania
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2009-05-01) Benjaminsen, Tor A.; Maganga, Faustin P.; Abdallah, Jumanne M.
Farmer–herder conflicts in Africa are often presented as being driven by ‘environmental scarcity’. Political ecologists, however, argue that these conflicts should be analysed within a broader historical and policy context. This article presents a case study of a local conflict in the Kilosa District in Tanzania that tragically culminated in the killing of thirty-eight farmers on 8 December 2000. To understand the conflict, the authors argue that it is necessary to study the history of villagization and land use in the District, as well as national land tenure and pastoral policies. Attempts at agricultural modernization have fostered an anti-pastoral environment in Tanzania. The government aim is to confine livestock keeping to ‘pastoral villages’, but these villages lack sufficient pastures and water supplies, leading herders to search for such resources elsewhere. Pastoral access to wetlands is decreasing due to expansion of cultivated areas and the promotion of agriculture. The main tool that pastoralists still possess to counteract this trend is their ability to bribe officials. But corruption further undermines people's trust in authorities and in the willingness of these authorities to prevent conflicts. This leads actors to try to solve problems through other means, notably violence.
The Kilosa Killings: Political Ecology of a Farmer–Herder Conflict in Tanzania
(International Institute of Social Studies, 2009-05) Benjaminsen, Tor A.; Maganga, Faustin P.; Abdallah, Jumanne M.
Farmer–herder conflicts in Africa are often presented as being driven by ‘environmental scarcity’. Political ecologists, however, argue that these conflicts should be analysed within a broader historical and policy context. This article presents a case study of a local conflict in the Kilosa District in Tanzania that tragically culminated in the killing of thirty-eight farmers on 8 December 2000. To understand the conflict, the authors argue that it is necessary to study the history of villagization and land use in the District, as well as national land tenure and pastoral policies. Attempts at agricultural modernization have fostered an anti-pastoral environment in Tanzania. The government aim is to confine livestock keeping to ‘pastoral villages’, but these villages lack sufficient pastures and water supplies, leading herders to search for such resources elsewhere. Pastoral access to wetlands is decreasing due to expansion of cultivated areas and the promotion of agriculture. The main tool that pastoralists still possess to counteract this trend is their ability to bribe officials. But corruption further undermines people's trust in authorities and in the willingness of these authorities to prevent conflicts. This leads actors to try to solve problems through other means, notably violence.
Natural Capital Endowment and Dynamics of the Changing Climate in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs): Experience from Africa and Asia
(Pathways to Resilience in Semi-Arid Economies (PRISE) Project, 2015-12-21) Mabhuye, Edmund; Yanda, Pius Z.; Maganga, Faustin P.; Liwenga, Emma; Kateka, Adolphine; Henku, Abdallah; Malik, Nico; Bavo, Cynthia
This natural capital thematic review seeks to generate new information and highlight essential issues for the implementation of the Pathways to Resilience in Semi-arid Economies (PRISE) project. The review analyses the endowment framework underlying natural resource management and drivers of natural resource degradation, including natural processes and calamities induced by climate change. Additionally, it assesses policy frameworks that embed human action in the degradation and management of natural resources in arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs). The review further attempts to unlock natural capital endowments at the global level and zooms in on East Africa, West Africa and Central Asia as case studies. The reviewed literature includes academic and official reports and online databases (research papers, journal articles and donor reports). The review generates knowledge on key drivers underlying natural resource degradation, livelihood systems and climate change impacts. The review also provides explanations on the synergistic relationship between natural resource endowment and development patterns in semiarid areas. It presents the patterns of development and the constraints underlying the attainment of sustainable natural resource management. Finally, it poses key questions that should be considered for further research in the PRISE project. The following points are emphasised: • It is necessary to have an understanding of patterns found in ecosystem services, distribution, tenure rights and gender-biased access to ecosystem services and natural resources. This also entails a better understanding of the relationship between equity and access to and utilisation of ecosystem services, and how the two can contribute to the alleviation of poverty. The following points are further emphasised: o Analysis of the importance of ecosystems in the diversification of livelihoods, associated dynamics and the nature of responses; o Generation of knowledge on how issues of tenure, especially as an incentive for natural resource management, and Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in order to inform policy for local-level adaptation projects. • There is a need to analyse how existing policies can strike a balance between attaining sustainable natural resource management and supporting community livelihoods, including nomadic pastoralism. Another important issue to address here could relate to how government can integrate traditional knowledge systems and institutions as viable and sustainable alternative approaches in sustainable natural resource management and in the improvement of livelihood systems in semi-arid ecosystems. • It is important to analyse the effectiveness of pastoralism in managing resources in harsh and unpredictable environments (Nori et al., 2008). It is also vital to analyse how pastoralism can contribute to debates on climate change adaptation; Tanzanian government policies do not currently address this.
Of Land and Legitimacy: A Tale of Two Lawsuits
(International African Institute, 2013-02) Askew, Kelly; Maganga, Faustin P.; Odgaard, Rie
Through a comparative analysis of two recent Tanzanian lawsuits concerning pastoralist–farmer disputes over land, this article argues that the judicial system is being employed as a vehicle for legitimizing dispossession. Wealthy elites who find their efforts to acquire vast tracts of land thwarted by protective mechanisms in the Land Act No. 4 of 1999 and Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999 are turning to the courts to get what they want. Having access to deeper pockets and being able to out-lawyer and out-manoeuvre their poorer and often less-educated opponents enables elites (including the government itself) to avail themselves of the judicial system and acquire land through illegitimate means. Yet our analysis also illustrates that Tanzanian courts at times act independently of political influence and secure property rights for at least some of the dispossessed. An unusual mix of conflicting pressures and key personalities in these two cases coalesced to produce unexpected outcomes in favour of the Maasai defendants, whose land and legitimacy were on the line. Winning, however, came at considerable cost.
Tanzania National Climate Change Finance Analysis
(Overseas Development Institute (ODI), 2013) Yanda, Pius Z.; Mushi, Deograsias; Henku, Abdallah I.; Maganga, Faustin P.; Minde, Honesty; Malik, Nico; Kateka, Adolphine; Bird, Neil; Tilley, Helen
Climate change is a new area of public policy that is expected will have a significant impact on national economic development and directly on people’s lives and livelihoods. However, at present there is limited understanding of what the cost of responding to climate change will be. An important starting point is to identify the financial resources that are currently being spent by government to fund climate change-related activities. This can provide an indication of how far the national response to climate change has evolved. Looking forward, the expected rapid growth of this expenditure will raise governance and management challenges for implementing agencies, which should be considered in the design and execution of national climate change programmes.
Water Governance and Livelihoods: Outcomes for Smallholders on the Usangu Plains, Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2013-01-15) Franks, Tom; Cleaver, Frances; Maganga, Faustin P.; Hall, Kurt
How does water governance change over time? What are the outcomes for smallholders and the ecosystems that support them? We review the development of water resources management over the past 40 years in the Kimani catchment of the Usangu plains, in southwestern Tanzania. Our analysis is based on a conceptual framework for water governance comprising a system of resources, arrangements for access, and outcomes for people and ecosystems. We discuss how the resources for water governance have changed over time, we consider the changing arrangements for water allocation, particularly relating to water rights, water management organisations and physical infrastructure, and we analyse the outcomes in terms of access to water for people and of maintenance of environmental flows. Development of water resources in Kimani has been successful on many counts, resulting in assured supplies for many users, with consequent improvements in livelihoods, including, in particular, increases in land-holding size. However, these improvements are accompanied by some negative outcomes, as they reduce water access for other users and threaten downstream flows. The experiences from Kimani highlight the need to map the whole institutional landscape and to ensure that physical infrastructure reflects institutional arrangements when designing interventions to enhance water security. Such interventions may well have significant outcomes for equity and power relations amongst water users.
Wildlife Management in Tanzania: Recentralization, Rent Seeking, and Resistance
(2012) Benjaminsen, Tor A.; Goldman, Mara J.; Minwary, Maya Y.; Maganga, Faustin P.
Wildlife management in Tanzania is currently undergoing a process of recentralization. While the Wildlife Policy of 1998 opened up for community participation and local benefits, the Wildlife Policy of 2007 and the Wildlife Conservation Act of 2009 re-focus on central government control of income from both sport hunting and safari tourism. The wildlife sector in Tanzania is marked by little transparency and accountability and with considerable rent-seeking behavior. In fact, the hunting business is generally considered one of the most corrupt sectors in a country with increasing public attention on corruption. Recentralization and rent-seeking are not, however, occurring without resistance from communities. Some villages have resisted being part of ‘Wildlife Management Areas’, which are promoted jointly by the State and international conservation groups as being ‘community-based’. Central to this opposition is the recentralization of revenues from safari tourism that previously came directly to villages. In discussing these issues, we draw on careful readings of new legislation as well as in depth studies of wildlife management practices at three locations in northern Tanzania.
Wildlife Management in Tanzania: State Control, Rent Seeking and Community Resistance
(John Wiley & Sons, 2013-08-21) Benjaminsen, Tor A.; Goldman, Mara J.; Minwary, Maya Y; Maganga, Faustin P.
Despite a decade of rhetoric on community conservation, current trends in Tanzania reflect a disturbing process of reconsolidation of state control over wildlife resources and increased rent-seeking behaviour, combined with dispossession of communities. Whereas the 1998 Wildlife Policy promoted community participation and local benefits, the subsequent policy of 2007 and the Wildlife Conservation Act of 2009 returned control over wildlife and over income from sport hunting and safari tourism to central government. These trends, which sometimes include the use of state violence and often take place in the name of ‘community-based’ conservation, are not, however, occurring without resistance from communities. This article draws on in-depth studies of wildlife management practices at three locations in northern Tanzania to illustrate these trends. The authors argue that this outcome is more than just the result of the neoliberalization of conservation. It reflects old patterns of state patrimony and rent seeking, combined with colonial narratives of conservation, all enhanced through neoliberal reforms of the past two decades. At the same time, much of the rhetoric of neoliberal reforms is being pushed back by the state in order to capture rent and interact with villagers in new and oppressive ways.

Browsing by Author "Maganga, Faustin P."

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