Browsing by Author "Lokina, Razack B."

Now showing 1 - 20 of 33
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    Clean Production and Profitability: An Eco-Efficiency Analysis of Kenyan Manufacturing Firms
    (Journal of Environment and Development, 2012) Marcyline, K.; Lokina, Razack B.
    This study examines the linkage between the profitability of firms measured by return on assets (ROA) and environmental performance measured by eco-efficiency and also the impact of a good environmental management system (EMS) on profitability and eco-efficiency of firms. These environmental management practices were captured by the type of EMS a firm adopts that classified firms as either environmental leaders or environmental laggards. To achieve this panel data regression model with ROA as the dependent variable and eco-efficiency scores as the regressors was performed. The results suggest that there is a potential gain in the profitability of the firm by improving eco-efficiency in resource use. Furthermore, proactive firms are found to perform better than reactive firms in terms of profitability and eco-efficiency but firms that combine both proactive and reactive EMS perform even better, which shows the benefit of adopting commitment-based approaches alongside the compliance-based approaches to environmental management.
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    Coastal and Marine Environment Management Projects and Communities’ Livelihood: The Case of MACEMP – Mafia District
    (Tanzania Journal of Population Studies and Development, 2013) Lokina, Razack B.; Gervas, J.
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    Determinants of Delay in Care Seeking Among Children Under Five with Fever in Dodoma Region, Central Tanzania: a Cross-Sectional Study Authors
    (Malaria Journal, 2014) Telemu, K.; Lokina, Razack B.; Mujinja, P.; Mmbando, P. B.
    Background: Early diagnosis and timely treatment of malaria is recognized as a fundamental element to the control of the disease. Although access to health services in Tanzania is improved, still many people seek medical care when it is too late or not at all. This study aimed to determine factors associated with delay in seeking treatment for fever among children under five in Tanzania. Methods: A three-stage cluster sampling design was used to sample households with children under five in Dodoma region, central Tanzania between October 2010 and January 2011. Information on illness and health-seeking behaviours in the previous four weeks was collected using a structured questionnaire. A multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate determinants of delay in treatment-seeking behaviour while accounting for sample design. Results: A total of 287 under-five children with fever whose caretakers sought medical care were involved in the study. Of these, 55.4% were taken for medical care after 24 hours of onset of fever. The median time of delay in fever care seeking was two days. Children who lived with both biological parents were less likely to be delayed for medical care compared to those with either one or both of their biological parents absent from home (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.74). Children from households with two to three under-five children were more likely to be delayed for medical care compared to children from households with only one child (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.26). Also, children living in a distance ≥5 kilometres from the nearest health facility were about twice (95% CI: 1.11, 2.72) as likely to delay to be taken for medical care than those in the shorter distances. Conclusion: Living with non-biological parents, high number of under-fives in household, and long distance to the nearest health facility were important factors for delay in seeking healthcare. Programmes to improve education on equity in social services, family planning, and access to health facilities are required for better healthcare and development of children.
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    Determinants of Effectiveness of the Participatory Forest Management in Tanzania
    (Tanzania Journal of Population Studies and Development, 2012) Lokina, Razack B.; Robinson, E. J. Z.
    Following the 1998 National Forest Policy and the Forest Act of 2002, participatory forest management is being introduced in Tanzania. PFM has been proposed as a way of both protecting Tanzania's forests and reducing rural poverty. In this paper we analyse villagers' perceptions of the effectiveness of PFM in Tanzania, using household and village level survey data collected from two regions. Preliminary findings indicate that men, larger households, and those households that have their own source of fuelwood are more likely to perceive a particular PFM initiative as successful.
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    Economic Liberalization and Its Effect on the Exploitation of Crustaceans in Tanzania
    (Ambio, 1998) Lokina, Razack B.; Andersson, J.
    A brief analysis is made of the mostly new activity of lobster fishing in Tanzania over the period 1988 to 1996, which includes both traditional and commercial fishing. The major aspects discussed are the current over-exploitation, and demand (including the 'tourist variable').
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    Economic Valuation Of Consumptive Non-timber Forest Products: Evidence From Rombo District Using Contingent Valuation Method
    (Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2010) Kuwawenaruwa, A.; Lokina, Razack B.
    Over the past two decades there has been an increasingly appreciation and measurement of non-market value of NTFP in many parts of the world. This is motivated by the fact that many of these NTFP especially in the tropics are increasingly being degraded mainly because of their undervaluation due to the lack of proper market for them. In valuing NTFP economists have used both revealed and stated preference depending on whether the good/services being valued have market or do not have market value. In this study we estimate WTP for NTFP using contingent valuation method among rural residents adjacent to half mile strip in Rombo district. A total of 5 villages were sampled out of 20 villages adjacent to the half strip mile (the buffer zone). The results from the open ended question indicate that the mean willingness to pay for consumable NTFPs is TZS 6,460 per annum. In addition to that businessmen, wage earners and farmers are willing to pay TZS 7,080/=, TZS 6, 977/= and TZS 6,197/= per annum respectively. The differences of willingness to pay among these groups however, are not statistically significant. Further econometric analysis using a probit model suggests that household’s income, distance to the forest, marriage, forest conservation, being a businessman and respondent being a wage earner explains households’ willingness to pay for NTFP
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    Efficiency enforcement and Revenue trade-offs in Participatory Forest Management: An Example from Tanzania
    (Environment and Development Economics, 2012) Robinson, E. J. Z.; Lokina, Razack B.
    Where joint forest management has been introduced into Tanzania, ‘volunteer’ patrollers take responsibility for enforcing restrictions over the harvesting of forest resources, often receiving as an incentive a share of the collected fine revenue. Using an optimal enforcement model, we explore how that share, and whether villagers have alternative sources of forest products, determines the effort patrollers put into enforcement and whether they choose to take a bribe rather than honestly reporting the illegal collection of forest resources. Without funds for paying and monitoring patrollers, policy makers face tradeoffs over illegal extraction, forest protection and revenue generation through fine collection
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    Estimation of the Willingness to Pay Improved Water Service in Tanzania
    (Utafiti Journal, 2007) Lokina, Razack B.; Kulindwa, K. K.; Hepelwa, A.
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    Ex-post Evaluation of the Additionality of Clean Development Mechanism Afforestation Projects in Tanzania, Uganda and Meldova
    (Ex-post Evaluation of the Additionality of Clean Development Mechanism Afforestation Projects in Tanzania, 2014) Purdon, M.; Lokina, Razack B.
    This study presents findings from a systematic comparative research effort to investigate the additionality claims of CDM afforestation projects in Tanzania, Uganda and Moldova. Using what we refer to as an ex-post comparative baseline approach that accounts for how project financing and background economic conditions evolve over a CDM project’s implementation and crediting periods, we demonstrate that the projects in Uganda and Moldova are very likely to be fully additional while only approximately one-quarter of carbon credits resulting from the Tanzania project are genuine. The conditions of additionality can change significantly over the course of a CDM project in a way that undermines project environmental integrity because the CDM rules do not accommodate changing baseline conditions. Rather, current CDM rules allow initial baseline conditions to be frozen over a project’s crediting period. We recommend that a reformed CDM, REDD, NAMA or other new market mechanism adopt some of the elements of our approach including use of comparative performance benchmarks, an additionality risk management tool and engaging donors in the development of “ODAbaselines” for climate mitigation projects which combine carbon finance and development assistance.
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    Fishing Business Arrangements and Sustainability in Lake Victoria Fishing
    (African Journal of Economic Review, 2014-07) Lokina, Razack B.
    Fishing is an important activity for communities living adjacent to rivers and lakes—it is an economic activity that generates income and provides sustenance to those engaged in fishing as an occupation. Majority of the crewmembers of the fishing vessels, though small scale, are not the owner of the vessels. Majority are hired and their payment is made in-terms of the share of the catch. The main fish species are Tilapia, Nile perch (sangara), Dagaa, nembe, gogogo and furu. In this article an attempt is made to analyse the existing production relations between the owners of the vessels and the crewmembers and the concern for sustainability. Our results found that the existing sharing system in Lake Victoria poses a big challenge in as far as sustainability is concerned. Some of the system such as the percentage of catch after deducting operation costs are to some extent seems to be exploitative since majority of the owner of the fishing vessels assign high costs. Hence large percentage of the catch will go to the owner of the fishing vessels. Thus, fishermen are compelled to use any means to ensure that they have enough catch. The most favoured sharing model is the ratio in days, in which case each fishing unit is assigned a day, that’s owners’ day, crews day, and vessels day. Regression results further shows that type of fishing gears, in particular mesh size, net length, Boat size, method of propulsion significantly influence the value of catch and the quantity harvested. Mounting of fishing nets is found to negatively influence the quantity of catch in each fishing trip. Suggesting that given the current stock mounting of nets is not an efficient way of catching large quantity of fish.
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    Forest Reform In Tanzania: A Review of Policy and Legislation
    (African Journal of Economic Review, 2014-07) Lokina, Razack B.
    Community participation in forest management has existed in the United Republic of Tanzania for a long time, but on a small scale. It is common to find trees of certain species are being protected and managed for traditional reasons. It has been observed that forests and woodlands that are managed using traditional knowledge and practices are accorded high respect by concerned communities. Thus, fires or encroachment does not affect them. While the strategy of setting aside forests and woodlands for protection remains the centerpiece of management of these resources in the United Republic of Tanzania, this has been the result of evolutionary process from a conventional to a participatory approach of forest management. In this regards, Tanzania has been considered among successful countries in African in implementing Participatory Forest Management (PFM) as promoted through both Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) and Joint Forest Management (JFM). Policy provisions and legal framework has been important stepping stones for involvement of different players in forest conservation. In addition, legal reforms have tried to invert the colonial approach that excluded local communities from management and ownership of most resources in their vicinity. PFM typically has been implemented on a forest-by-forest or village-by-village basis, rather than using a landscape approach. But protecting one forest through PFM may displace villagers’ Non Timber Forest Product (NTFP) harvest into other less protected forests, possibly causing greater ecological damage. A landscape approach to PFM would take into account even those forests that are not used by villagers before PFM is introduced but that might be once PFM reduces or eliminates access to alternative forests.
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    Gender and Institutional Aspects of Tanzania Higher Education Since 1990s
    (Tanzania Economic Trend, 2010) Kahyarara, G.; Lokina, Razack B.
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    Higher Education and Growth in Earnings in Tanzanian Labor Market
    (Tanzania Economic Trend, 2010) Kahyarara, G.; Lokina, Razack B.
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    Household Adoption Decisions and Poverty Alleviation Drive: The case of Mud Crabs Farming in Pangani District
    (Tanzania Journal of Population Studies and Development, 2012) Lokina, Razack B.; Malleo, J.
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    Household’s Willingness to Pay for Improved Solid Waste Collection Services in Kampala City, Uganda
    (Journal of Environment and Development, 2011) Banga, M.; Lokina, Razack B.; Mkenda, A.
    This study identifies the determinants of households’ willingness to pay for an improvement in solid waste-collection services based on 381 households in Kampala. Employing the double-bounded contingent valuation method, households’ mean willingness to pay for improved solid waste collection service was estimated to be USh 2,439 per month. Both the decision to pay and the amount households are willing to pay for improved solid waste collection services are influenced by income, education, age, and home ownership. A socially acceptable fee which the majority of people are willing to pay should be set to avoid the free-rider problem.
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    The Impact of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) on Forest-Dependent Livelihoods by Gender in Tanzania and the Role of the Institutional Framework for Equitable Benefits
    (International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 2013) Mwakaje, A. G.; Lokina, Razack B.; King'ori, J.; Temu, S.; Chalu, Henry
    Tanzania has been receiving significant funding from donor countries for the implementation of programmes to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD). REDD is seen as an opportunity to enhance conservation and livelihoods. But what is the impact of REDD on gender? This is an area of inquiry that has not been critically looked into. This study was an attempt towards filling this information gap. It was conducted in Kilosa District. A total of 294 households were selected randomly for interviews. There was also consultation with focus groups and key informants. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather information. The data was analysed using statistical and livelihoods models. The findings reveal a high level of dependence on the forest for livelihoods by the communities but nevertheless they were in favour of the REDD programmes if the programmes will enhance their livelihoods and they will be fully involved in managing the programmes. Male respondents were more interested in knowing a period to wait before they could start benefiting from the programmes while women were more concerned about the sustainability of the benefits they would receive. We conclude that for the REDD programmes to be successful, gender issues must be identified and mainstreamed.
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    Implementing REDD through Community-Based Forest Management: Lessons from Tanzania
    (Natural Resource Forum, A United Nations Sustainable Development Journal, 2013) Robinson, E. J. Z.; Albers, H. J.; Lokina, Razack B.; Meshack, C.
    REDD (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) aims to slow carbon releases caused by forest disturbance by making payments conditional on forest quality over time. Like earlier policies to slow deforestation, REDD must change the behaviour of forest degraders. Broadly, it can be implemented with payments to potential forest degraders, thus creating incentives; through payments for enforcement, thus creating disincentives; or through addressing external drivers such as urban charcoal demand. In Tanzania, community-based forest management (CBFM), a form of participatory forest management (PFM), was chosen as the model for implementing REDD pilot programs. Payments are made to villages that have the rights to forest carbon. In exchange for these payments, the villages must demonstrably reduce deforestation at the village level. Using this pilot program as a case study, we provide insights for REDD implementation in sub-Saharan Africa. We pay particular attention to leakage, monitoring and enforcement. We suggest that implementing REDD through CBFM-type structures can create appropriate incentives and behavioural change when the recipients of the REDD funds are also the key drivers of forest change. When external forces drive forest change, however, REDD through CBFM-type structures becomes an enforcement program, with local communities rather than government agencies being responsible for the enforcement. That structure imposes costs on local communities, whose local authority limits the ability to address leakage outside the particular REDD village. In addition, for REDD to lead to lower emissions, implementation will have to emphasize conditionality of payments on measurable decreases in forest loss.