Browsing by Author "Kivaisi, Amelia K."
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Item Afrocantharellus Gen. Stat. Nov. is Part of a Rich Diversity of Africancan Tharellaceae(International Mycological Association, 2012) Tibuhwa, Donatha D.; Savić, Sanja; Tibell, Leif; Kivaisi, Amelia K.A new genus in the Cantharellaceae, Afrocantharellus, is recognized based on results from phylogenetic analyses of rDNA LSU and concatenated LSU/5.8-ITS2/ATP6 data. It was previously recognized as a subgenus, but comprehensive fieldwork and the acquisition of numerous sequences for previously neglected African Cantharellus species formed the basis for a reappraisal of generic and species delimitations. Afrocantharellus is characterized morphologically by the basidiomes having thick, distantly spaced diverging folds of variegated colour. In contrast to most of Cantharellus, Afrocantharellus mostly lacks clamp connections. Phylogenies of Cantharellus and Afrocantharellus based on LSU and a concatenated data set are provided, along with descriptions of and a key to the four species and one form of Afrocantharellus recognized. Six new combinations are made.Item Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Biological Pre-Treated Nile Perch Fish Solid Waste with Vegetable Fraction of Market Solid Waste(Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN), 2012) Kassuwi, Shaaban A. A.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Anaerobic co-digestion of various organic wastes has been shown to improve biogas yield of fish wastes. This paper presents the effect of pre-treating Nile perch fish solid waste (FSW) using CBR-11 bacterial culture (CBR-11-FSW) and commercial lipase enzyme (Lipo-FSW), followed by batch anaerobic co-digestion with vegetable fractions of market solid waste (VFMSW) in various proportions, using potato waste (PW) and cabbage waste (CW) as co-substrates either singly or combined. Results indicated that CBR-11 pre-treated FSW co-digested with PW or CW in 1:1 ratio (substrate: inoculum) had positive effect on methane yield, while Lipo pre-treated FSW had negative effect on methane yield. Using CBR-11-FSW:PW the highest yield was 1.58 times more than the untreated FSW. Whereas, using Lipo-FSW:CW the highest yield was 1.65 times lower than un-treated FSW. Furthermore, the optimal mixture of CBR-11 pre-treated FSW and PW and CW co-substrates resulted into higher methane yield of 1, 322 CH4 ml/gVS using CBR-11-FSW (10):PW (45):CW (45) ratio. The ratio enhanced methane yield to 135% compared to control. In conclusion, results demonstrates that optimal mixture of CBR-11 pre-treated FSW with both PW and CW as co-substrates enhanced methane yield and provide base line data for potential application in continuous anaerobic bioreactors investigation.Item Antioxidant Properties of Seven wild Edible Mushrooms from Tanzania(2015) Hussein, Juma M.; Tibuhwa, Donatha D.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Consumption of mushroom has increased remarkably because of their desirable aroma, taste and high nutritional content. Wild edible mushrooms (WEM) are well known for their nutritious and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to measure and compare the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of six WEM from selected indigenous Tanzanian forests and one domesticated grown form in methanolic extracts. Results show that among the seven mushroom species extracts, the methanolic extract from Auricularia judae showed the most potent radical scavenging activity of 93.33% while Panus conchatus revealed lowest antioxidant activities of 46.53%. The strongest EC50 was observed in Auricularia judae 0.08 mg/ml while weakest was in P. conchatus >0.3 mg/ml. Nevertheless total phenolics in the methanolic extracts were the highest in P. tenuiculus (431.03±3.63 mg GAE/100 g) and lowest in Macrolepiota procera (136.21±0.98 mgGAE/100 g). Lentinus squarrosulus possessed highest content of β-carotene and flavonoids were 48.15±1.04 mg/100 g and 25.62±1.78 mg/100 g, respectively meanwhile the lowest concentration was found in wild L. sajor-caju 5.35±0.68 mg/100 g and 2.49±1.28 mg/100 g, respectively. Comparatively, domesticated mushroom showed higher scavenging ability of 76.61% than its wild counterparts 62.94%. In conclusion, high antioxidant activity in methanolic extract of WEM due to presence of phenolic content can potentially be used as a source of natural antioxidants.Item Assessment of Antioxidant Potentials of the Wild and Domesticated Saprophytic Edible Mushrooms from Tanzania(2016) Juma, I.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Tibuhwa, Donatha D.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Tanzania natural forests harbor several indigenous edible mushrooms that are meagerly exploited due to various reasons including unawareness on their potential values. This study establishes antioxidant potentials of seven wild edible mushroom species, and their two domesticated forms. The investigation used mushroom methanolic extract for antioxidant activities’ determination. A DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical was used as a substrate to determine radical scavenging abilities whereas ferrozine was employed to determine ferrous ion chelating abilities. Additionally, quantitative analyses for β-carotene, lycopene, flavonoids, and total phenolic compounds were done using spectrophotometric assay. Mushrooms analysed displayed amazing antioxidant potentials which varied between different species and between the wild and domesticated forms of the same species. The range of EC50 values for DPPH free radical scavenging activity (DRSA) was . . mg m , with the strongest and weakest EC50 recorded from P. tenuiculus and the wild Amylosporus sp. IJ-2014, respectively. The range of EC50 values for ferrous ion chelating activity (FICA) was . . mg/mL, with the strongest and weakest EC50 noted in domesticated Amylosporus sp. IJ-2014 and L. sajor-caju, correspondingly. The maximum and minimum total phenolic content (TPC) recorded were 537.39 and 160.97 mg GAE/100g, from domesticated Amylosporus sp. IJ-2014 and Laetiporus sp. IJ-2014, respectively. The highest and least quantities of β-carotene (BC) recorded were 48.59 and 5.56 mg/100g, from P. tenuiculus/wild Amylosporus sp. IJ-2014 and P. cystidiosus, respectively. Lycopene contents (LC) ranged from 2.24 to 18.95 mg/100g, with P. cystidiosus and P. tenuiculus having the slightest and peak values, correspondingly. Maximum value for total flavonoid contents (TFl) recorded was 25.27 mg QE/100g from P. tenuiculus whereas the minimum value was 3.71 mg QE/100g from P. cystidiosus. Due to the antioxidant potentials of these mushrooms, people are advised to maximally exploit them for improved nutrition and health.Item Biovalorization of Banana Waste: Auditing and Improvement of Bio-Methane Production by Fungal Pre-Treatment.(2013) Salyeem, Emmanuel E.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Bananas is an important staple food and cash crop in Tanzania, which generates huge waste quantities, currently underutilized and discarded causing detrimental impact to the environment. However, representsun-tapped bio-resource for bio-valorization into valuable bio-products. A waste audit case study was conducted for four common cultivars, Mshare-Kahuti, Mbwailuma (Matoke), Kisukari-Mshare and Kimalindiat Horticulture Research and Training Institute, Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania. Wastes quantities generated annually from one hectare were estimated at 57, 99, 64 and 125 tons/year for Mshare-Kahuti, Mbwailuma (Matoke), Kisukari-Mshare and Kimalindi, respectively. Methane yield of various wastes fresh fractions of Mshare-Kahuti (for cooking) and Kisukari-Mshare (for desserts) were investigated in batch anaerobic bioreactors (BAB). The highest methane yields for Mshare-Kahutiof 0.273 and KisukariMshare of 0.255m3 CH4/kg of volatile solids (VS) added were recorded from corm and peels banana waste fractions, respectively. The effect of solid state-fermentation pretreatment of banana wastes with Pleurotus sapidus (P 969) at 10% (wet wt bases) for 7, 14 and 21 incubation days on the extent of methane yield was also investigated in BAB. Maximum methane yields for Mshare-Kahuti and Kisukari-Mshare were 0.96andItem Cantharellus Fistulosus Sp. Nov. from Tanzania(2008) Tibuhwa, Donatha D.; Buyck, Bart; Kivaisi, Amelia K.; Tibell, LeifAbstract – Cantharellus fistulosus sp. nov from Tanzania is described as a close relative to C. schmitzii from tropical miombo woodland dominated by tree species in Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isoberlinia. The species is characterised by having a hollow, smooth stipe and a pink hymenium that contrasts with the yellowish brown stipe and cap surface.Item Combined Thermo-Microbial Pre-Treatments Methods for Enhanced Biogas Production from Nile Perch Fish Solid Waste in Tanzania(2012) Kassuwi, Shaaban A. A.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Anaerobic digestion (AD) of fish waste is difficult mainly due to high protein and lipid content which inhibit the process. Pre-treatments methods are option to improved AD of fish wastes for biogas production. Effects of heating, pasteurization separately and combined with CBR-11 bacteria strain culture (internal code) pre-treatment on biogas production from fish solid waste (FSW) was investigated in batch anaerobic bioreactors (BAB). The two thermo pre-treatment methods had a positive effect with best results 311 and 361 CH 4 ml/g volatile solids (VS) added obtained from heated FSW for 90 seconds at 130 o C and pasteurised FSW for 60 minutes at 70 o C, respectively. The highest methane yield were two fold compared with non-pre-treated FSW (163 CH 4 ml/gVS added). Heated and pasteurised FSW each separately combined with CBR 11 bacterial culture pre-treatment prior to AD had a maximum methane yield of 697 and 491 CH 4 ml/gVS added , respectively. Resulting in three to four fold increases in methane yield compared with non-pre-treated FSW (163 CH 4 ml/gVS added). The methane content of the biogas ranged between 70-81% regardless of pre-treatment methods employed. In conclusion combined thermo-microbial pre-treatment is a novel method for enhanced biogas production of FSW. However, remain to be tested in continuous anaerobic digester with or without co-digestion.Item Cultivation of Oudemansiella Tanzanica nom. prov. on Agricultural Solid Wastes in Tanzania(2004-04) Magingo, Francis S.; Oriyo, Ndekya M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.The edible mushroom Oudemansiella tanzanica nom. prov., which is new to science, has been studied as a potential crop to reduce agricultural solid wastes and increase domestic mushroom production. The substrates sawdust, sisal waste and paddy straw supplemented with chicken manure resulted in the highest biological efficiencies of any mushroom cultivated in Tanzania so far. In addition, the mushroom has one of the shortest cultivation cycles at 24 d. Despite the fact that the mushroom extracts substantial amounts of nutrients, the spent substrate can be used as fodder, as a soil conditioner and fertilizer and in bioremediation.Item Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus HK-37) on Solid Sisal Waste Fractions Supplemented With Cow Dung Manure(Macrothink Institute, 2013) Raymond, Prosper; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Solid sisal waste fractions which included composted sisal boles and sisal leaves decortication residues supplemented with cow dung manure at various rates used singly and/or in combination as substrates were investigated for cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus HK-37). The effect of the test sisal waste substrates and cow dung manure of various supplementation rates were evaluated by mushroom yield, biological efficiency and mushroom size. Pinheads occurred in all substrates within 3 to 5 weeks of transfer of bags to the cropping room. The overall best results of mushroom production were obtained in a substrate combination of 50 % sisal leaves + 50 % sisal boles (based on 450 g wet weight substrate) supplemented by 30 % cow dung manure with the mushroom yield of 184.64 g fresh mushrooms/kg moist substrate weight and percentage biological efficiency (B.E) of about 63 %. Mushroom size of 6.10 was obtained in sisal boles substrate supplemented by 20 % cow dung manure. Least yield of 26.73 g fresh mushrooms/kg moist substrate weight and lowest B.E of 8.95 % were obtained from non-supplemented substrate of sisal leaves alone. The study concluded that, supplementation using cow dung manure may play an important role on increasing the yield and productivity of Pleurotus HK-37 on solid sisal waste fractions under the conditions investigated.Item Effect of Aerobic Pre-Treatment on Production of Hydrolases and Volatile Fatty Acids during Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Sisal Leaf Decortications Residues(2008) Mshandete, Anthony M.; Björnsson, Lovisa; Kivaisi, Amelia K.; Rubindamayugi, Mugassa S. T.; Mattiasson, BoThe effect of aerobic pretreatment on the production of hydrolases and volatile fatty acids during anaerobic digestion of solid sisal decortications leaf residue (SLDR) was investigated. Batch solid waste bioreactors with working volume of 2 litres were used in this study. Batch loads of aerobically treated or untreated sisal leaf residue inoculated with activated sludge mixed culture were packed into the bioreactors and operated anaerobically for 400 h. The fermentation products were mainly (mg/g total volatile fatty acids, VFAs): acetic acid (287), n-butyric acid (201), n-valeric acid (96) and caproic acid (62) as well as with low amounts of propionic acid and iso-butyric acid for aerobic pre-treated sisal leaf waste solids. Contrarily, for the untreated system, the fermentation products were chiefly (mg/g total volatile fatty acids): propionic acid (317), iso-butyric acid (276), n-butyric acid (96), acetic acid (84) and insignificant amounts of n-valeric acid, iso-valeric acid and caproic acid. Although the activities of hydrolytic enzymes found were similar for both treated and untreated SLDR, proportions of VFAs obtained with the former residues appeared to be better substrates for biomethanantion than those obtained from the latter substrates. These results indicated the potential of aerobic pre-treatment for enhanced bioconversion of SLDR. The present study, reports for the first time the types and levels of VFAs and hydrolases produced during anaerobic digestion of aerobic pre-treated SLDR and could be used as a basis for designing a pilot scale process.Item Effect of Particle Size on Biogas Yield from Sisal Fibre Waste(2006) Mshandete, Anthony M.; Björnsson, Lovisa; Kivaisi, Amelia K.; Rubindamayugi, Mugassa S. T.; Mattiasson, BoThe degradation and biogas production potential of sisal fibre waste could be significantly increased by pre-treatment for reduction of particle size. Batch-wise anaerobic digestion of sisal fibre waste was carried out in 1-l digesters with fibre sizes ranging from 2 to 100 mm, at an ambient temperature of 33 °C. Sediment from a stabilisation pond at a sisal production plant was used as starter seed. Total fibre degradation increased from 31% to 70% for the 2 mm fibres, compared to untreated sisal fibres. Furthermore, the results confirmed that methane yield was inversely proportional to particle size. Methane yield increased by 23% when the fibres were cut to 2 mm size and was 0.22 m3 CH4/kg volatile solids, compared to 0.18 m3 CH4/kg volatile solids for untreated fibres. By anaerobic digestion and biogas production, the 148,000 tonne of waste sisal fibres generated annually in Tanzania could yield 22 million m3 of methane, and an additional 5 million m3 of methane if pre-treatment by size reduction to 2 mm was applied.Item Enhancement of Anaerobic Batch Digestion of Sisal Pulp Waste by Mesophilic Aerobic Pre-Treatment(Taylor and Francis, 2004) Mshandete, Anthony M.; Murto, Marika; Kivaisi, Amelia K.; Rubindamayugi, Mugassa S. T.; Mattiasson, BoThe performance of anaerobic, packed-bed bioreactors treating leachate from potato waste was evaluated in terms of organic loading rate (OLR) as well as the recirculation flow rate. Two 1 litre bioreactors, filled with porous glass beads as biofilm carriers and with continuous recirculation flow rates of 10 ml min-1 and 20 ml min-1 respectively, were used in the experiment. The OLR applied to each bioreactor was increased stepwise from 4 to 12 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m-3d-1 by increasing feed flow rate. The methane yields decreased with increasing OLR in both bioreactors. The methane yield for the bioreactor with the lower recirculation flow rate ranged between 0.10 and 0.14 m3 CH4 kg COD-1 removed, while for the other bioreactor it was 0.14–0.20 m3 CH4 kg COD-1 removed. Both bioreactors demonstrated stable COD removal which was around 95% for the bioreactor with lower flow of recirculation while for the other it was 92%, over a range of OLRs of 4–8 kg COD m-3d-1. The bioreactor with the lower recirculation flow rate showed operational stability when a high OLR, namely 12 kg COD m-3d-1, was applied, while the other one became overloaded. There was an accumulation of volatile fatty acids which gave a corresponding drop in pH because the system had a low buffering capacity and this thus ultimately led to process failure. This study demonstrated the suitability of a packed bed bioreactor operated at lower recirculation flow rate for treating leachate from potato wasteItem Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion of Nile Perch Fish Processing Wastewater(2009) Gumisiriza, Robert; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Rubindamayugi, Mugassa; Kansiime, Frank; Kivaisi, Amelia K.In East Africa, Nile perch processing into fish fillets for export generates large proportions of both solid and liquid fish wastes. These wastes are improperly utilized and/or disposed off untreated leading to environmental pollution problems. On the other hand, Nile perch fish processing wastewater (FPW) contains high concentrations of lipids and proteins, which have high methane yield potential. However, anaerobic digestion (AD) of FPW for methane production is limited due to process inhibition by lipids and ammonia intoxication. To overcome these limitations, the effects of co-digestion, physical and biological pretreatments on extent of methane yield were investigated. At a loading ratio of 1:1 (inoculum to substrate) with raw FPW, a methane yield of 0.56 m 3 /kgVS was obtained. Co-digestion of the residue with 10% gVS of brewery wastewater enhanced methane yield to a highest increment of 66%. Long chain fatty acids (LCFA) removal prior AD enhanced methane yield to an increment of 52% at LCFA removal of 8%. Pretreatment of FPW with aerobic microbial cultures isolated from a fish waste stabilization pond enhanced methane yield to an increment of 60% after 18 h, 68% after 15 h and 76.0% after 12 h of incubation, respectively, for strains CBR 11, BR 10 and a mixture of the two (CBR 11 + BR 10). The present study reports for the first time improvement of AD of Nile perch FPW by co-digestion, physical and biological pre-treatment methods and could be used as a basis for designing a pilot scale process.Item Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion of Sisal Leaf Decortication Residues by Biological Pre-Treatment(Asian Research Publishing Network, 2009) Mutemi, Muthangya; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.In recent years, the use of agro-industrial residues as feedstocks for biogas production has gained great attention worldwide due to limited reserves of fossil fuels. The sisal industry in Tanzania generates large quantities of sisal leaf decortication residues (SLDR) with good potential for biomethane production. However, the process is limited by the lignocellulosic nature of SLDR, making it not effectively degraded under anaerobic conditions. The effects of biological pretreatment of SLDR under solid state fermentation with a ligninolytic CCHT-1 strain and Trichoderma reseei at different inoculation rates and incubation periods to improve methane production were investigated. The methane production potential of the pretreated substrate was determined in batch anaerobic bioreactors. SLDR was pre-treated with CCHT-1 for 4 days at an inoculation rate of 10 % (wet weight inoculant/ SLDR) gave methane yield of 0.203±0.019 m3 CH4/kg VSadded, while pre-treatment of SLDR with T. reseei for 8 days at an inoculation rate of 25 % (wet weight inoculant/SLDR) gave methane yield of 0.192±0.024 m3 CH4/kg VSadded.This was an increment of between 24 to 30% in methane yield, compared to 0.145±0.015 m3 CH4/kg VSadded obtained for the untreated samples. In conclusion, the results demonstrated the suitability of biological pre-treatment method using fungi for enhanced anaerobic digestion of SLDR.Item Evaluation of Enzymatic Activity during Vegetative Growth and Fruiting of Pleurotus HK 37 on Agave sisalana Saline Solid Waste(2013) Mutemi, Muthangya; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Hashim, Suhaila O.; Amana, Mzee J.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Mushroom cultivation is an effective method for the production of nutritional food in addition to offering a holistic approach to agro waste management by utilization of the abundant lignocellulosic waste including sisal leaf decortications waste (SLDW). Production of 1 kg of mushrooms generates 5 kg of a co-product called spent mushroom substrate (SMS). Alternative means of disposal of the resulting SMS is production of extracellular enzymes generated by mushrooms during their growth and development. In this study, Pleurotus HK 37 was studied for its ability to produce laccase manganese peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and xylanase on SLDW under solid-state fermentation. Laccase activities reached the highest values of 27.3 U/ml when the substrate was fully colonised. The activity then declined with each subsequent harvest to 15.0 U/ml. MnP assay had two peaks of 8.9 U/ml and 8.0 U/ml on full colonisation and during the 3rd flush, while LiP and xylanase activities had highest recorded activities of 0.34 U/ml and 0.28 U/ml, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate the potential utilization of sisal leaf decortications waste as raw materials for simultaneous production of edible mushrooms and extracellular enzymes from a commercial fungus, Pleurotus HK 37, which is a potential biotechnological application.Item Influence of Recirculation Flow Rate on the Performance of Anaerobic Packed-bed Bioreactors Treating Potato-Waste Leachate(Taylor & Francis, 2010-03-11) Mshandete, Anthony M.; Murto, M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.; Rubindamayugi, Mugassa S. T.; Mattiasson, B.The performance of anaerobic, packed-bed bioreactors treating leachate from potato waste was evaluated in terms of organic loading rate (OLR) as well as the recirculation flow rate. Two 1 litre bioreactors, filled with porous glass beads as biofilm carriers and with continuous recirculation flow rates of 10 ml min-1 and 20 ml min-1 respectively, were used in the experiment. The OLR applied to each bioreactor was increased stepwise from 4 to 12 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m-3d-1 by increasing feed flow rate. The methane yields decreased with increasing OLR in both bioreactors. The methane yield for the bioreactor with the lower recirculation flow rate ranged between 0.10 and 0.14 m3 CH4 kg COD-1 removed, while for the other bioreactor it was 0.14–0.20 m3 CH4 kg COD-1 removed. Both bioreactors demonstrated stable COD removal which was around 95% for the bioreactor with lower flow of recirculation while for the other it was 92%, over a range of OLRs of 4–8 kg COD m-3d-1. The bioreactor with the lower recirculation flow rate showed operational stability when a high OLR, namely 12 kg COD m-3d-1, was applied, while the other one became overloaded. There was an accumulation of volatile fatty acids which gave a corresponding drop in pH because the system had a low buffering capacity and this thus ultimately led to process failure. This study demonstrated the suitability of a packed bed bioreactor operated at lower recirculation flow rate for treating leachate from potato waste.Item Mixed Palm Oil Waste Utilization through Integrated Mushroom and Biogas Production(2016) Temu, Stella; Moshi, Anselm P.; Nges, Ivo A.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.; Mattiasson, BoAim of the Study: The study was to integrate mushroom and biogas production using mixed palm oil to provide both food and energy source to palm oil producing communities as well as reducing environmental pollution. Design of the Study: Mixed palm oil waste was divided into two portions. One portion was used for mushroom cultivation and afterwards the spent mushroom substrate and the untreated portion were used for biogas production. Methodology: Structural sugars analysis was performed using double acid hydrolysis technique. Total crude protein was determined through kjeldal acid digestion method. Lipids were extracted using a mixture of chloroform and methanol and quantified gravimetrically. The mushroom strain (Coprinus scinereus) was cultivated on the mixed palm oil waste. Afterwards, the spent mushroom substrate and the untreated palm oil waste were subjected to anaerobic digestion in automatic methane potential test system. Place and Duration of Study: The study was completed in 2 years from 2014-2015. Mushroom cultivation was carried out at the University of Dar-e salaam, Tanzania, whereas feedstock characterization and anaerobic digestion were performed at Lund University, Sweden. Results: Compositional analysis disclosed that the feedstock contains (% w/w) 0.1 proteins, 3.3 carbohydrates, 22.5 lipids, and 73 lignin. Mushroom yield was 0.64 g /g of substrate at a biological efficiency of 71.4 g/100 g of substrate and productivity of 21.5±0.5%. Consequently total carbohydrates and lipids were decreased by 70% and 76% while the relative content of lignin and protein increased by 23% and 50%, respectively. Particle size reduction (<4 mm) resulted to increased methane yield by 66%. The untreated and biologically treated mixed palm oil wastes yielded 517 and 287 of CH4 L/Kg VS added which corresponded to 80% and 64.5% of theoretical methane yield, respectively. Conclusion: Combined mushroom and biogas production offer superior benefits in the utilization of the palm oil waste.Item Nile Perch Fish Processing Waste along Lake Victoria in East Africa: Auditing and Characterization(2009) Gumisiriza, Robert; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Rubindamayugi, Mugassa S. T.; Kansiime, Frank; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Worldwide, fish industry wastes are an important contaminant having an impact on the environment. The recovery of value added products from these residues constitutes an important waste reduction strategy for the industry. In East Africa, Nile perch fish processing into chilled fish fillet for export along Lake Victoria generate large proportions of both solid and liquid wastes. However, no thorough auditing and characterization of the waste has been done that would guide potential value addition through bioconversions and waste management. Auditing by surveying and mapping the fish processing industries was conducted along the lake. Waste quantification was done using specific guidelines for assessment of fish wastes. Analysis of the waste was carried out using standard methods. Annual solid waste and wastewater generation was estimated at 36,000 tonnes and 1,838,000 m3 , respectively. The wastewater generated was high strength with a total chemical oxygen demand of 12,400 mg/l and solid content of 5,580 mg/l. The wastewater contained 6,160 mg/l of lipids and 2,000 mg/l of protein. The Nutrient content was 20 mg/l of total phosphorous, 340 mg/l organic nitrogen and 61 mg/l of ammonia nitrogen. The current fish waste management systems in place were found to be neither efficient nor profitable, thus profitable options of fish waste utilization and waste reduction strategies are imperative. Modern and economically viable options of fish waste value addition, decision scheme and waste reduction strategies have been highlighted in this paper. In conclusion, large amounts of fish waste generated are a rich source of lipids and proteins, which could be utilized for production of value added products through bioconversions.Item Nile Perch Fish Scales a Novel Biofilm Carrier in the Anaerobic Digestion of Biological Pre-Treated Nile Perch Fish Solid Waste(2013) Kassuwi, Shaaban A. A.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Improved stability and anaerobic digestion (AD) process in a packed bed bioreactor can be achieved if bacterial consortia are retained in the process through the use of biofilms carriers. Three methanogenic biofilms carriers for biomass retention were studied to evaluate the performance of methanogenesis AD of Nile Perch fish solid wastes pre-treated by bacterial culture coded (CBR-11). The carrier material evaluated consisted of sisal fibre waste, pumice stones and Nile perch fish scales. Process performance was investigated by increasing the organic loading rate (OLR) step-wise. The best results were obtained from the bioreactor packed with Nile perch fish scales. It had the lowest total volatile fat acids (TVFA) accumulated at OLR in the range of 1-12 g volatile solids (VS)/l/d. The degradation pattern showed that the TVFAs was limiting at higher OLRs. The pH profiles showed an increasing pattern with an increase in OLRs. The pH was low (8-8.3) at low OLRs (1-6) gVS/l/d and increased to a higher level (8.3-8.7) at higher OLR (9-12) gVS/l/d. Despite the high pH level reached, the bioreactor packed with fish scales had a good ability to withstand the changes in load and VFA concentrations shocks that can occur in packed bed anaerobic bioreactors. In conclusion Nile perch fish scales was demonstrated to be potential novel biofilms carrier that would work well in methanogenic biofilms bioreactors treating fish solid waste. Moreover, Nile perch solid fish wastes and fish scales are available within the vicinity, which could make AD scale-up at fish processing industry feasible and cost effectiveItem Nutritional and Antioxidant Analysis of Pleurotus Hk 37 Grown on Agave Sisalana Saline Solid Waste(2014) Mutemi, Muthangya; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Amana, Mzee J.; Hashim, Suhaila O.; Kivaisi, Amelia K.Mushrooms consumed in recent times have increased both in the amounts as well as the number of species consumed. The main bioactive components in mushroom are phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene. Mushrooms are also rich in crude protein, vitamins, amino acids, crude fibre and minerals. The objective of this study was to determine nutritive and antioxidant potential of sun dried Pleurotus HK 37 grown on Agave sisalana waste, grass (Panicum coloratum) and in a combined substrate of the two at 50:50 (w/w). Standard procedures were used to determine the proximate chemical composition and antioxidant properties of the samples. Moisture content, crude protein and crude fibre ranged between 12.31-13.61, 17.08-31.14% and 6.12-6.82%, respectively. Macro elements Ca, Mg, Na, K, and P were also found in substantial amounts with K being present in exceedingly higher amount (537.31-631.91 mg/100g) than macro minerals. The samples from the three substrates contained antioxidant β-carotene (4.24-5.07 mg/100g), lycopene (4.44- 5.05 mg/100g), Vitamin C (5.07-5.29±0.02 mg/100g), phenols (350.82-830.97 mg of GAEs/g) and flavanoids (32.21-61.11 mg RE/g). A combined substrate of sisal and grass was found to produce mushroom with high nutritional value although the phenolic content in mushrooms cultivate on sisal substrate was higher. The results further showed that, all the extracts exhibited scavenging ability and metal chelating activity. The findings show that Pleurotus HK 37 can be explored further for pharmaceutical application due to the high antioxidant potential alongside its consumption as a nutritious food.