Browsing by Author "Kangalawe, Richard Y. M."
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Item Adaptation to Climate Change - Induced Malaria and Cholera in the Lake Victoria Region(2007) Yanda, Pius Z.; Wandiga, Shem O.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Opondo, Maggie; Olago, Daniel; Githeko, Andrew; Githui, Faith; Marshall, Michael; Downs, Tim; Opere, A.; Kirumira, Edward; Kathuri, James; Apindi, Eugene; Olaka, Lydia; Olago, L.; Mugambi, Paul; Sigalla, Rehema; Kambuli, R.; Nanyunja, Robinah; Baguma, Timothy; Achola, PiusItem Adaptation to Climate Change/VariabilityInduced Highland Malaria and Cholera in the Lake Victoria Region(AIACC, 2006) Yanda, Pius Z.; Wandiga, Shem O.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Opondo, Maggie; Olago, Dan; Githeko, Andrew; Downs, Tim; Kabumbuli, Robert; Opere, A.; Githui, Faith; Kathuri, James; Olaka, Lydia; Apindi, Eugene; Marshall, Michael; Ogallo, L.; Mugambi, Paul; Kirumira, Edward; Nanyunja, Robinah; Baguma, Timothy; Sigalla, Rehema; Achola, PiusGlobal climate change and its interactive components, such as water availability, related vulnerability of natural and socio-economic systems and health, changes in land use, as well as availability, quality, quantity of water and related policies, affects human wellbeing. The apparent correlation between disease outbreaks, such as malaria, cholera, rift valley fever, and meningitis—all of which are sensitive to climate variability (McCarthy et al., 2001)—and the strong El Niño years, e.g., 1982–1983 and the 1997–1998 events indicates a causal link between climate and health. Integrated climate-disease models show that rates of infections can be affected by climatic anomalies.Item Agricultural Commercialisation and Its Implications on Agrodiversity Management in the Drylands of Central Tanzania(African Journals Online, 2009) Liwenga, Emma T.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Masao, Catherine A.The study examines the linkages between agricultural commercialisation and agrodiversity management. It considers agricultural commercialisation an important socio-economic aspect with varied environmental implications, particularly in relation to agro-diversity management. The study was undertaken in Kondoa and Kongwa Districts, in the semiarid central Tanzania. The aim of this study was to examine the implications of agricultural commercialization on agro-diversity management, food security and the environment in general. A variety of methods were used in the study including participatory assessments techniques, field visits and household surveys. Household data was analysed using SPSS. The findings from this study indicate that for decades agricultural production in the semiarid areas of central Tanzania has been centred on production of a diverse number of crops though concentrated on sorghum and millets as the most drought tolerant grain crops. However, from the mid-1980s the balance has shifted in favour of cereal crops like maize, which has become among the major cash-earning crop. Other prominent commercial crops included pigeon peas, sunflower and simsim. Commercial crops appear to be expanding at the expense of traditional drought tolerant crops such as bulrush millet and sorghum, thereby influencing the local agro-diversity. The abandonment of some crops e.g. castor oil plants in favour of market crops also appear to affect the agrobiodiversity in the study areas. It has been found that expansion of farms is a major factor for environmental degradation through deforestation, declining soil fertility due to continuous cultivation and emergence of noxious weeds such as Striga. On the other hand agricultural commercialization appears to have been associated with improvement in food security, household income, housing conditions and education for children. However the emphasis of the less drought tolerant crops like maize in these semiarid areas makes the sustainability of the agricultural system very uncertainItem Agricultural commercialization and the natural resource base in central Tanzania(Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam, 2009) Liwenga, Emma T.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.Item An Analysis of Land Use Dynamics and Land Degradation Process In the Great Rift Valley, Central Tanzania(OSSREA, 2005) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Majule, Amos; Shishira, E.KThis study investigates land-use dynamics, agricultural development and constraints, land degradation, and the socio-economic and environmental effects of agricultural processes in central Tanzania. It shows there have been both spatial and temporal changes in land-use patterns in the area. The intensity of agriculture has increased; however environmental concerns are arising, including deforestation and soil erosion. The study concludes that to sustain the livelihoods of the people in the area whilst at the same time maintaining the existing dynamics, there is a need for an integrated approach to managing the available and varied resources, as well as measures to ensure environmentally sound agricultural practices.Item Assessing the Cost of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation by Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania: The Case of Kasulu District(2013) Mwakaje, Agnes G.; Yanda, Pius Z.; Mung’ong’o, C. G.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.The impact of climate change on smallholder agriculture has led to different strategies of adaptation and mitigation intending to reduce the risks and GHG emissions. But what is the adaptation and mitigation practices taking place and what are the cost implications for smallholder farmers in poor countries? This study is an attempt to fill this gap. A total of 142 farmers were selected randomly in the two villages of Kasulu District. There was also a consultation with focus groups and key informants. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The findings revealed different strategies for adapting to climate change impacts by smallholder farmers such as planting drought and disease-resistant crops, the application of fertilizers/pesticides, mulching and irrigation. As regards mitigation, the farmers were sensitized to avoid deforestation and farming on river banks and catchment areas and to plant trees. Nevertheless, the cost of undertaking these activities was found to be high and poor farmers were incurring more costs than benefits. For successful and cost-effective adaptation and mitigation efforts by poor smallholder farmers there should be capacity building and supportive policies. These may include access to credit, timely and accurate climate information, improved infrastructure, environmental education and access to extension services.Item Assessing the Cost of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation by Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania: the Case of Kasulu District.(2013) Mwakaje, Agnes G.; Yanda, Pius Z.; Mung'ong'o, Claude G.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.The impact of climate change on smallholder agriculture has led to different strategies of adaptation and mitigation intending to reduce the risks and GHG emissions. But what is the adaptation and mitigation practices taking place and what are the cost implications for smallholder farmers in poor countries? This study is an attempt to fill this gap. A total of 142 farmers were selected randomly in the two villages of Kasulu District. There was also a consultation with focus groups and key informants. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The findings revealed different strategies for adapting to climate change impacts by smallholder farmers such as planting drought and disease-resistant crops, the application of fertilizers/pesticides, mulching and irrigation. As regards mitigation, the farmers were sensitized to avoid deforestation and farming on river banks and catchment areas and to plant trees. Nevertheless, the cost of undertaking these activities was found to be high and poor farmers were incurring more costs than benefits. For successful and cost-effective adaptation and mitigation efforts by poor smallholder farmers there should be capacity building and supportive policies. These may include access to credit, timely and accurate climate information, improved infrastructure, environmental education and access to extension services.Item Assessment of Environmental Conservation and Implications on Poverty Alleviation in the Semiarid Central Tanzania(2005) Liwenga, Emma T.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.Item Assessment of National Natural Resources Policies Implementation in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania(International knowledge Sharing Platform, 2015) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Tilumanywa, Verdiana T.; Tungaraza, Felician S. K.; Mlele, Martin; Naimani, GodwinThe Kilimanjaro landscape provides a range of ecosystem services such as water, local climate modification, tourism and support of local livelihoods. Land degradation has, however, seriously threatened the landscape ability in providing these services, leading to decreased land productivity This paper is based on a study conducted in Kilimanjaro region to provide an understanding of how effectively natural resources-related policies are implemented by land users, and how they practically guide sustainable land management. Data collection involved interviews with purposively selected progressive farmers using a structured questionnaire, in- depth interviews with key informants, mainly district officials, NGOs and CBOs representatives and focus group discussions, as well as review of relevant literature. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS, while qualitative data were triangulated using content analysis. Findings indicated that there are several policies related to natural resource management that are both cross-cutting and cross-sectoral in nature. While majority of respondents were aware of the various policies, male respondents were more aware than females, influenced by customary male dominance in natural resource issues. The policies are implemented at various levels, taking different forms and involve various stakeholders, including individuals, groups, NGOs, CBOs and public institutions. Generally, communities are actively participating in SLM activities though influenced by several pull and push factors in policy implementation in the area. The paper argues that for effective implementation of the natural resources policies there is a need to review and harmonise the sectoral policies with changing internal and external conditions such as economic transformation, globalization and climate change.Item Assessment of the Extent to which Productive Sector Policies Mainstream Sustainable Land Management Principles(2015) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Tilumanywa, Verdiana T.; Tungaraza, Felician S. K.; Mlele, Martin; Naimani, GodwinThis paper provides an assessment of the extent to which productive sector policies mainstream sustainable land management (SLM) principles and suggests how mainstreaming of these principles could be strengthened and be more effective in Kilimanjaro region. Primary data was collected using qualitative methods including in-depth interviews with key informants and focus group discussions. Key informants included government officials, SLM project staff, NGOs and representatives of communities. Secondary data was gathered from review of relevant literature including government policies, strategies, project documents and other research materials. The data collected were analysed using content analysis and synthesised to determine the extent to which the productive sector policies mainstream sustainable land management principles. Findings indicate that several relevant NRM sectors have mainstreamed SLM principles, namely improved land productivity, improved livelihood and improved ecosystems. The degree to which these policies have mainstreamed SLM principles vary from adequately, moderately, and slightly. Despite the reported degree of mainstreaming the SLM principles in sector polices several challenges undermine the process, including land scarcity, land tenure, inadequate enforcement of policies, land use conflicts, human and financial resources constraints, and climate change. Various stakeholders are involved in SLM initiatives, ranging from local communities to international organisations. The diversity of stakeholders requires well coordinated efforts so as to maximise synergies and complementarities between the various actors. Also more effort has to be done at policy level to ensure that all sector policies adequately address sustainability in natural resources management to ensure that land productivity, livelihoods and ecosystems are improved.Item Assessment of the extent to which productive sector policies mainstream sustainable land management principles.(International knowledge Sharing Platform, 2015) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Tilumanywa, Verdiana T.; Tungaraza, Felician S. K.; Mlele, Martin; Naimani, GodwinThis paper provides an assessment of the extent to which productive sector policies mainstream sustainable land management (SLM) principles and suggests how mainstreaming of these principles could be strengthened and be more effective in Kilimanjaro region. Primary data was collected using qualitative methods including in-depth interviews with key informants and focus group discussions. Key informants included government officials, SLM project staff, NGOs and representatives of communities. Secondary data was gathered from review of relevant literature including government policies, strategies, project documents and other research materials. The data collected were analysed using content analysis and synthesised to determine the extent to which the productive sector policies mainstream sustainable land management principles. Findings indicate that several relevant NRM sectors have mainstreamed SLM principles, namely improved land productivity, improved livelihood and improved ecosystems. The degree to which these policies have mainstreamed SLM principles vary from adequately, moderately, and slightly. Despite the reported degree of mainstreaming the SLM principles in sector polices several challenges undermine the process, including land scarcity, land tenure, inadequate enforcement of policies, land use conflicts, human and financial resources constraints, and climate change. Various stakeholders are involved in SLM initiatives, ranging from local communities to international organisations. The diversity of stakeholders requires well coordinated efforts so as to maximise synergies and complementarities between the various actors. Also more effort has to be done at policy level to ensure that all sector policies adequately address sustainability in natural resources management to ensure that land productivity, livelihoods and ecosystems are improved.Item Beach Management Units in Lake Victoria(LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011-06-02) Nyega, Nyangubho; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Kiwasila, H. L.The fisheries resources in Lake Victoria are facing the challenges of poor management, which threaten their sustainability due to the use of destructive fishing gears such as dynamite, beach pollution, poison and small fishnets. Such situation has necessitated the use of alternative management approaches like Beach Management Units (BMUs), which promote more community involvement in the fisheries resources management. The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of BMUs strategy for managing the Lake Victoria fisheries resources. The emphasis was on how BMUs have managed to facilitate effective management of the lake environment. Findings from the study show that BMUs in the Lake Victoria basin have succeeded in reducing unsustainable practices and ensuring sustainable management of the fisheries resources. However, they need more moral and material support for enhanced sustainability. Target group include community members and stakeholders such as policy and decision makers, researchers, government and non-governmental institutions involved in the management of fisheries resources in the lake and aquatic environment in general.Item Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Alleviation in Namtumbo District, Tanzania(Elsevier, 2012) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Noe, ChristineThe emergence of community-based conservation across the world has been associated with ecological, political and socio-economic benefits. However, lack of active involvement in planning and limited access to conservation areas makes the economic prospects of initiatives like the Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) rather questionable. This study was undertaken in the Mbarang’andu WMA in Namtumbo District, Tanzania to assess the contribution of community-based conservation approaches such as WMAs in enhancing conservation of wildlife resources and poverty alleviation around protected areas. The study methods used included participatory rural appraisal, key informant interviews, direct field observations and household survey. A sample of 10% of the village households was selected for interview. LandSat images from 1995 were used in mapping the physical resource base and land use/cover types of the district. Household data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Findings from the study indicate that much of the village land has been allocated for biodiversity conservation in form of forests and/or WMAs. However, there is little evidence to show the results of such interventions in terms of poverty alleviation, which constrains other local livelihoods while benefiting distant resource users such as private investors. The article argues that to enhance local involvement in conservation of biodiversity while addressing poverty issues, mechanisms for accessing wildlife and forest resources would need to be reconsidered. In particular, this study establishes that the hunting quotas to the villages surrounding the WMA need to be increased to enhance community access to animal protein.Item Changing land use/cover patterns and implications for sustainable environmental management in the Irangi Hills, central Tanzania(Springer, 2010-08) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.This article examines the changes in land-use/cover types in the Irangi Hills, central Tanzania during the last 45 years and how such changes have influenced environmental and agricultural sustainability in the area. The spatial and temporal changes of land-use/cover were analysed through aerial photographs interpretation. Local perceptions and experiences of changes were addressed through household interviews and field observations. Results from this study show that during the last 45 years open and wooded grasslands, and other tree-cover types covered about 40% of the land area, ranging from 29% in 1960 to 43–45% between 1977 and 1992. Also, during the same period both the total area and spatial distribution of cultivated fields varied greatly. The cultivated area increased from 31% in 1977 to 35% in 1992, mainly due to agricultural expansion into areas formerly used for grazing and in sandy watercourses that shrunk by 55% between 1977 and 1992. The spatial distribution of the different land-use/cover types is influenced by variations in the scale of soil erosion and soil-conservation initiatives implemented in the Irangi Hills since the early 1970s. However, with increasing pressure on the land, and the declining capacity of the soil conservation authority, sustaining agricultural production in the area remains a major challenge.Item Changing land-use patterns and farming strategies in the degraded environment of the Irangi Hills, central Tanzania(sciencedirect, 2008-05) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Christiansson, C.; Östberg, WilhelmThe approaches adopted by local farmers to put the degraded landscape of the Irangi Hills in central Tanzania to productive agricultural use are analysed. The area has been extensively affected by severe soil erosion, thereby reducing its potential for agriculture. While soil erosion in the upper and middle reaches of the slopes has resulted in extensive gullies, sedimentation in the lower reaches has created extensive sandfans and buried some of the fertile, clayey soils. The changes in the present land-use practices were assessed by means of group discussions and transect walks, household interviews, field observations, and by archival research. The results of the study indicate that farmers have responded to the evolving land degradation by using more intensive and more productive forms of land-use. Crops are grown in diverse mixtures, aiming at increasing farm productivity and avoiding the risk of crop failures. Many farmers have also responded to land degradation by employing on-farm conservation practices such as ridge cultivation and tree-planting. There has also been a general shift from cultivation and settlement on hillslopes to less steep, middle and lower pediments and footslope areas. Land-use patterns have constantly changed over the last few decades. One major intervention to try to rehabilitate the worst degraded areas came in 1979, when all livestock were evicted. The quarantine still remains, but since the early 1990s free-grazing livestock have gradually, but illegally, been brought back into the area. Although the return of livestock has increased the availability of manure, it is likely to reverse the trends of ongoing land recovery. To complement the limited availability of animal manure more than 85% of farmers make and use compost to fertilise fields close to homesteads. Evidence is also presented to demonstrate that farmers have been quick to grasp whatever chances they had to make use of new land-use opportunities. When some of the sandfans in the area stabilised, following soil-conservation initiatives, farmers immediately realised that there were new niches in the landscape that could be utilised. Today the total cultivated area has increased considerably, compared to the early 1970s, when intensive conservation efforts were begun.Item Changing Land-Use Patterns in the Irangi Hills, Central Tanzania: A Study of Soil Degradation and Adaptive Farming Strategies(2001-01) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.Item Changing Landscapes of the Maasai Steppe(LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011-01-27) Senyagwa, Jacqueline; Liwenga, Emma T.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.The Maasai landscapes have been changing since colonial times. The drivers of change have been numerous from time to time and in recent years there have been significant changes in the land use and cover. The changes have brought alarming effects to the lives of pastoralists but have also affected crop cultivators and the ecosystem in general. Change is inevitable but what the changes mean for the ecosystems and communities is of great interest. Will the Maasai steppe be able to support animals and human beings in the next fifty years if we continue with the business as usual path and taking into account the impacts of climate change?Item Climate change and household food insecurity among fishing communities in the eastern coast of Zanzibar(Academic Journals, 2015-04) Makame, Makame O.; Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Salum, Layla A.This paper examines the local vulnerability of households in two study communities in the east coast of Zanzibar focusing on food security, which is negatively impacted by climate variability and change. Findings have indicated that overall the local people in eastern coast of Zanzibar are insecure with respect to most major sources of food. Households solely dependent on natural resources through farming, fishing, livestock and poultry farming, have been found to be more vulnerable to food insecurity as these activities are facing considerable uncertainties associated with climate change and variability as well as other stress factors. Agricultural failure resulting from various factors, including local climate variability, coupled with uncertainty of fishing has many pushed households towards increasing dependence on market for their staple food supplies. Therefore, this enhances the household’s vulnerability to food insecurity especially among households with low purchasing power. With increasing demand of fisheries resources in urban areas associated with the expanding tourism industry in the study area the price for fisheries resources has increased, causing the poor, including the fishers, to consume less fish and other seafood, and thereby limiting their dietary protein intakes.Item Climate change impacts on water resource management and community livelihoods in the southern highlands of Tanzania(Taylor & Francis, 2016-02-09) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.This paper is based on studies conducted in the southern highlands of Tanzania to assess the impacts of climate change and variability on natural and socio-economic environments. Data collection included household and key informant interviews, focus group discussions, historical timelines, resource mapping, and transect walks. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science. Qualitative data were triangulated with community members during participatory discussions. Results indicated concerns on progressive decrease of water flows and increasing seasonality of rivers and streams and drying up of some wetlands. Natural springs were reported to have decreased in water discharge or dried up completely. Climate change is locally perceived as the main driver of such changes, particularly associated with declining amounts of rainfall, shortened rainy seasons, delayed onset of rains, increased drought, and increasing temperatures. During the last few decades, unreliable rainfall in upland areas has resulted in increased expansion of agriculture into wetlands, with consequent increase in wetland use, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and drying and/or shrinking of affected wetland ecosystems. Climate change is also locally perceived to have reduced the overall amount of water coming into the wetlands, causing them to dry much earlier in the dry season, and wetland crop cultivation cannot be extended much into the dry season as was in the past. This has limited agricultural productivity in these areas. These findings point to the need for appropriate water resource management strategies to ensure environmental sustainability and community livelihoods especially within the context of changing climate.Item Climate Change Impacts, Local Knowledge and Coping Strategies in the Great Ruaha River Catchment Area, Tanzania(Scientific Research, 2011-12) Kangalawe, Richard Y. M.; Mwakalila, Shadrack; Masolwa, PetroClimate change has profound implications for managing freshwater resources and species dependent on those resources. Water is an essential component of the life support system of the earth, and a basic resource for socio-economic development. The Great Ruaha River Catchment Area is a dynamic and complex ecosystem requiring inclusion climate change adaptation in the management of the freshwater and natural resources available to reduce the severity of climate change impacts. Rainfall has decreased considerably during the last 10 - 30 years, and characterised by high interannual variability, seasonal shifts and variable seasonal distribution with unpredictable onset and ending of rains and shortened growing seasons. Temperature has increased considerably during this period causing increased evapotranspiration losses and incidences of pest and diseases. The freshwater of Ruaha River and it tributaries are vulneable to changing climate, such as drought, which can negatively impact on the livelihoods of the people through de- creased crop and livestock production, and on local biodiversity. The changing climate has had negative impacts on, among other aspects, land use and water shortages for irrigation, livestock and domestic uses. This has compelled riparian communities in the catchment to devises coping strategies including practicing irrigation to provide supplementary water to crops, using drought tolerant crop varieties, rationing of irrigation water in farmlands, wetland cultivation, and diversification to non-agricultural activities. Despite the existence of many indicators used for local climate forecasting, there are limitations to local adaptation, including among others, poverty, institutional aspects and limited integration of climate adaptation in various sectors. The bulk of indigenous knowledge could be integrated into formal adaptation planning, and may be important components of environmental conservation at the local level.
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