Browsing by Author "Haule, Liberato Venant"
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Item Investigation into the Effect of Extended Laundering on the KES-F Mechanical Properties of an Easy Care Treated Cotton Fabric(Scientific Research Publishing, 2016-05-10) Haule, Liberato VenantThe effect of extended laundering on cotton fabric treated with Dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) easy care finish was investigated and the fabric characterised by crease recovery performance and the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics (KES-F). The KES-F results indicated that the mechanical handle properties of the DMDHEU treated cotton fabrics were affected by both the levels of application of the DMDHEU easy care finishes and the stress relaxation of the fabrics in aqueous conditions.Item Investigation into the Effects of an Easy Care Cross-linking Agent on the Properties of the Pulp Reclaimed from Cotton Based Waste Garments(British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 2016-03-05) Haule, Liberato VenantAims: To investigate the potential pulp reclamation from easy care treated cotton waste garments for potential paper making and regeneration of fibres. Study Design: This is an experimental laboratory research project. Place and Duration of Study: School of Materials, University of Manchester, between October 2009 and March 2013. Methodology: Cotton fabric was treated with Dimethylol dihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU) at 60, 100 and 140 g/L concentration levels. The fabrics were then shredded and pulped on laboratory Valley beater. Part of the resultant pulp was formed into hand sheets using the sheet making apparatus. The remaining pulp was analyzed for the wetness test, fines content and fibre length analysis. Tensile strength and Tear strength of the hand sheets were analyzed using Instron tester and Elmendorf machines, respectively. The Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics was used to assess the hand properties of the hand sheets. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique was used for the surface chemical analysis of the hand sheets. Results: It was observed that as the concentration of DMDHEU reacted to cellulose polymer increased, shorter fibres were produced. The DMDHEU free pulp has a mean fibre length of 2.5±0.04 mm whereas after increasing the DMDHEU concentration equivalent to 1.6% surface nitrogen the mean fibre length dropped to 1.2±0.05 mm. Application of the DMDHEU easy care finish on the cotton fabric reduced the tensile strength of the hand sheets from 2.08 kN/m to 0.1 kN/m whereas the tear strength and tensile index were reduced from 1.4 kN to 0.5 kN and 0.9 KNm/g to 0.4 kNm/g, respectively. Conclusions: The DMDHEU easy care finish produced pulp with shorter fibres, high fines content but hand sheets with relatively weaker mechanical properties. This implies that in order to recover fibres from the cotton waste garments for either fibre regeneration or paper processing the DMDHEU easy care finish must be removed prior to forming of hand sheets.Item Investigation into the Humidity Dependence Glass Transition of Cellulosic Fibres(Sida, 2015-07-08) Haule, Liberato VenantThe glass transition temperature at different relative humidity for cotton, lyocell and viscose fibres was investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) technique. The relationship between glass transition temperature and moisture content of the materials was investigated by using the Fox -equation. It was observed and concluded that, the Fox-equation can be used to determine non-water-accessible fraction in materials, which may be equal to crystalline fraction. Taking into account crystallinity effects in cellulosic materials, the Fox- equation can well be used for quantifying the relationship between glass transition temperature and moisture content for all materials. It was found that, the glass transition of each of the investigated material in dry state was above 200°C. Furthermore, investigations were carried out to compare the performance of large volume stainless steel pans with low volume aluminium pans used for holding the samples. It was observed that, the aluminium pans give a better heat signal, besides lower costs, when compared to large volume stainless steel pans. The challenges related to the use of the two types of pan and ways to overcome the challenges has been recommended.Item Investigation into the removal of a formaldehyde- free easy care cross-linking agent from cotton and the potential for subsequent regeneration of lyocell-type fibres(Taylor Francis Online, 2015-01-06) Haule, Liberato Venant; Carr, Chris, M; Rigout, Muriel1,2,3,4-Butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA)-treated cotton fabrics were immersed in alkali for increasing time periods and the effectiveness of alkali in removing the cross-linking agent was investigated by surface (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS) analysis, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solubility in specific solvents. The cellulose yield after the chemical ‘stripping’ processes was established and the effect of the alkali treatments on the degree of polymerization of the resultant cellulose determined. Surface analyses and solubility tests suggested that the alkali alone could successfully remove the BTCA from the crease resist-treated cotton fabric and produced a commercially viable yield of cellulose.Item Investigation into the removal of an easy-care crosslinking agent from cotton and the subsequent regeneration of lyocell-type fibres(springer, 2014-03-26) Haule, Liberato Venant; Carr, Chris, M; Rigout, MurielDimethylol dihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU)-treated cotton fabrics were treated with alkali or alternatively acid followed by alkali for increasing time periods, and their effectiveness in removing the crosslinking agent was investigated by surface (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analysis, bulk analysis, crease recovery angle performance and solubility in specific solvents. The cellulose yield after the chemical stripping processes was established and the effect of the acid and alkali treatments on the degree of polymerisation of the resultant cellulose determined. Surface and bulk analyses and solubility tests suggested that alkali alone could not remove the DMDHEU from the crease-resist-treated cotton fabric. However, a sequential acid/alkali treatment effectively removed the easy-care finish from the cotton fabric and produced a commercially viable yield of cellulose.Item Investigation into the supramolecular properties of fibres regenerated from cotton based waste garments(ScienceDirect, 2016-02-22) Haule, Liberato Venant; Carr, Chris, M; Rigout, MurielAbstract This paper investigated the supramolecular properties and accessibility of fibres regenerated from cotton-based waste garments and compared to typical lyocell fibres. The supramolecular and accessibility properties of the cotton-based waste garments fibres regenerated from three sources (waste denim garments, easy care finished cotton fabrics and a blend of cotton-based waste garment with wood pulp) were analysed and compared to the lyocell fibres. The Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD) analyses indicated that the fibres from cotton waste garments had supramolecular properties similar to the typical lyocell fibres. The exception was spun from the cotton pulp reclaimed from easy care treated cotton fabrics and maybe related to increased amorphous cellulose content in its structure. The fibre’s accessibility by reagents behaviour correlated well with the supramolecular properties. The results indicate that the waste garment purification process may affect the properties of the pulp and hence the supramolecular properties of the resultant fibres. Further research on the purification and regeneration of fibres from waste garments may lead to the use of cotton waste garments as an alternative feedstock source to the lyocell process.Item Iodine Sorption Value and Surface Chemical Analysis of Regenerated Cellulosic Fibres(Scientific Research Publishing, 2016-05-18) Haule, Liberato VenantThe surface chemical analysis and bulk analysis was conducted for fibres regenerated from waste garments and treated with iodine solution. The aim was to assess the fibre accessibility by the iodine solution and ascertain the location of the reagent within the fibres. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that the fibres regenerated from indigo dyed waste denim garments (ReCell-Denim) had a relatively high accessibility by the iodine solution compared to the standard lyocell, ReCell-1 and ReCell-2 fibres. With the exception of ReCell-Denim, the standard lyocell, ReCell-1 and ReCell-2 fibre’s iodine sorption values correlated well with the percentage crystallinity. The high accessibility of the ReCell-Denim fibres was attributed to the presence of the positively charged nitrogen from the indigo dyes that improved the substantivity of the fibres to the iodine solution. The iodine sorption of the fibres is relatively higher in the bulk compared to the fibre surface.Item Preparation and physical properties of regenerated cellulose fibres from cotton waste garments(ScienceDirect, 2015-08-29) Haule, Liberato Venant; Carr, Chris, M; Rigout, MurielAbstract The aim of this research was to investigate the recycling of cotton waste garments by fibre regeneration. Easy care finished cotton fabrics and indigo dyed waste denim garments were successfully purified, dissolved in a suitable solvent and spun into fibres. The physical properties of the resultant fibres were compared with standard lyocell fibres spun from wood pulp and the fibres regenerated from the cotton waste garments exhibited improved mechanical and molecular properties relative to the typical fibres regenerated from wood pulp. Furthermore the results have indicated that a suitable blend of wood pulp and pulp reclaimed form cotton based waste garments can produce fibres with properties that are intermediate to cotton and lyocell fibres. The results suggest an alternative approach to fibre resource management by converting cotton based waste garment through regeneration processing into second lifetime cellulosic fibre. The approach will contribute to the reduction of both economic and environmental impact of waste garments and better management of resources required for production of cotton and synthetic fibres.Item Surface and bulk chemical analysis of the durability of an easy care finish on cotton(Cellulose, 2012-03) Haule, Liberato Venant; Carr, Chris, M; Rigout, M; Jones, C CThe wash durability of the easy care finish Dimethylol Dihydroxyethylene Urea (DMDHEU) on cotton fabric under ISO 105 CO6 and CO9 test conditions and extended domestic laundering conditions was investigated by surface and bulk sensitive techniques, in particular X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elemental analysis and crease recovery angle performance. The presence of the finish was detected at the fibre surface through the N (1 s) photoelectron signal and saturation of the fibre surface with finish was demonstrated. The stability of the DMDHEU to ISO 105 CO6 and ISO 105 CO9 washing and domestic laundering was investigated and the durability of the DMDHEU finish on cotton demonstrated. The type of cross-linking between the DMDHEU and the cellulosic polymer chains was studied and related to the crease recovery performance. The implications for recycling of the treated fibre via fibre regeneration are discussed.