Browsing by Author "Hambati, Herbert"

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    Analyzing the Relationship Between Objective–Subjective Health Status and Public Perception of Climate Change as AaHuman Health Risk in Coastal Tanzania
    (Taylor & Francis, 2015-01) Armah, Frederick A.; Luginaah, Isaac; Genesis, Yengoh; Hambati, Herbert; Chuenpagdee, Ratana; Campbell, Gwyn
    Climate change is considered as the biggest threat to human health in the 21st century. Sub-Saharan Africa, which is the most-at-risk region of the world, is estimated to have a disproportionately large share of the burden of climate change-induced environmental and human health risks. To develop effective adaptations to protect public health, it is essential to consider how individuals perceive and understand the risks, and how they might be willing to change their behaviors in response to them. Using a cross-sectional survey of 1253 individuals in coastal Tanzania we analyzed the relationship between subjective health status (self-reported health) and objective health status on the one hand and perceived health risks of climate change. Generally, higher subjective health status was associated with lower scores on perceived health risks of climate change. Concerning objective health status, the results were varied. Individuals who affirmed that they had been previously diagnosed with hepatitis, skin conditions, or tuberculosis had lower scores on perceived health risks of climate change, unlike their counterparts who affirmed that they had been previously diagnosed with malaria in the past 12 months or had been diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. These relationships persist even when biosocial and sociocultural attributes are taken into consideration. The results underscore the complex ways in which objective and subjective health interact with both biosocial and sociocultural factors to shape perceived health risks of climate change. Do you want to read the rest of this publication?Access full-text
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    Assessing Barriers to Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Tanzania: Does Where You Live Matter?
    (Springer, 2015-02) Armah, Frederick A.; Luginaah, Isaac; Hambati, Herbert; Chuenpagdee, Ratana; Campbell, Gwyn
    Research on barriers to climate change adaptation has, hitherto, disproportionately focused on institutional barriers. Despite the critical importance of personal barriers in shaping the adaptive response of humanity to climate change and variability, the literature on the subject is rather nascent. This study is premised on the hypothesis that place-specific characteristics (where you live) and compositional (both biosocial and sociocultural) factors may be salient to differentials in adaptation to climate change in coastal areas of developing countries. This is because adaptation to climate change is inherently local. Using cross-sectional survey data on 1,253 individuals (606 males and 647 females), barriers to adaptation to climate change were observed to vary with place, indicating that there is inequality in barriers to adaptation. In the multivariate models, the place-specific differences in barriers to adaptation were robust and remained statistically significant even when socio-demographic (compositional) variables were controlled. Observed differences in barriers to adaptation to climate change in coastal Tanzania mainly reflect strong place-specific disparities among groups indicating the need for adaptation policies that are responsive to processes of socio-institutional learning in a specific context, involving multiple people that have a stake in the present and the future of that place. These people are making complex, multifaceted choices about managing and adapting to climate-related risks and opportunities, often in the face of resource constraints and competing agendas.
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    Community Disaster Risk Assessment in Arusha City, Tanzania
    (UDSM, 2017-12) Hambati, Herbert
    Urban population growth has demonstrated synergetic relationship with the growth of informal settlements and disasters, especially in developing countries. The increase in the density of people in informal settlements in Tanzania has accelerated their vulnerability to disaster risks. This study employs Community Participatory Disaster Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (PDRVA) to analyse vulnerability to disasters in informal settlements in Arusha city, Tanzania. The results show that a plethora of factors—human, physical, social, and economic—interact in a complex non-linear way to shape vulnerability to disasters in informal settlements in the city. Indigenous and western knowledge in the settlements used to cope with environmental hazards hold a great potential in shifting community responses to long-term considerations. The study recommends that measures and strategies aimed at reducing disaster risks should address the whole set of issues leading to poverty and disparities within the community.
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    Historical Perspective and Risk of Multiple Neglected Tropical Diseases in Coastal Tanzania: Compositional and Contextual Determinants of Disease Risk
    (Taylor & Francis, 2015-04) Armah, Frederick A.; Genesis, Yengoh; Luginaah, Isaac; Chuenpagdee, Ratana; Hambati, Herbert; Campbell, Gwyn
    The impacts of climate change are likely to exacerbate many problems that coastal areas already face. In this study, we used multinomial logistic regression to examine human perception of climate change based on a cross-sectional survey of 1253 individuals in coastal regions of Tanzania. This was complemented with time series analysis of 50-year meteorological data. The results indicate that self-rated ability to handle work pressure, self-rated ability to handle personal pressure and unexpected difficulties, age, region and educational status were significant predictors of perceived temperature change unlike ethnicity and gender. A disproportionately large percentage of respondents of all ages indicated that temperature was getting hotter between the past 10 and 30 years. This observation was supported by the time series analysis. Although respondents also alluded to changes in rainfall patterns in the past 10–30 years, time series analysis of rainfall revealed a different scenario except for Mtwara region of Tanzania. Because there is agreement between respondents' perceptions of temperature and available scientific climatic evidence over the 50-year period, this study argues that when meteorological records are incomplete or unavailable, local perceptions of climatic changes can be used to complement scientific climatic evidence. Based on the spatial differentials in climate change perception observed in this study, there is opportunity for a more locally oriented adaptation dimension to climate policy integration, which has hitherto been underserved by both academics and policymakers.
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    Historical Perspective and Risk of Multiple Neglected Tropical Diseases in Coastal Tanzania: Compositional and Contextual Determinants of Disease Risk
    (2015-07) Armah, Frederick A.; Quansah, Reginald; Luginaah, Isaac; Chuenpagdee, Ratana; Hambati, Herbert; Campbell, Gwyn
    In the past decade, research on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has intensified in response to the need to enhance community participation in health delivery, establish monitoring and surveillance systems, and integrate existing disease-specific treatment programs to control overlapping NTD burdens and detrimental effects. In this paper, we evaluated the geographical distribution of NTDs in coastal Tanzania. We also assessed the collective (compositional and contextual) factors that currently determine risks to multiple NTDs using a cross sectional survey of 1253 individuals in coastal Tanzania. The results show that the effect size in decreasing order of magnitude for non-binary predictors of NTD risks is as follows: NTD comorbidities > poverty > educational attainment > self-reported household quality of life > ethnicity. The multivariate analysis explained 95% of the variance in the relationship between NTD risks and the theoretically-relevant covariates. Compositional (biosocial and sociocultural) factors explained more variance at the neighbourhood level than at the regional level, whereas contextual factors, such as access to health services and household quality, in districts explained a large proportion of variance at the regional level but individually had modest statistical significance, demonstrating the complex interactions between compositional and contextual factors in generating NTD risks. NTD risks were inequitably distributed over geographic space, which has several important policy implications. First, it suggests that localities of high burden of NTDs are likely to diminish within statistical averages at higher (regional or national) levels. Second, it indicates that curative or preventive interventions will become more efficient provided they can be focused on the localities, particularly as populations in these localities are likely to be burdened by several NTDs simultaneously, further increasing the imperative of multi-disease interventions.
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    Integrating Traditional and Modern Knowledge Systems in Improving Agricultural Productivity in Upper-Kitete Village, Tanzania
    (Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA), 2014) Nawe, Julita; Hambati, Herbert
    This study examined the integration of traditional environmental knowledge systems (TEKS) and modern environmental knowledge systems (MEKS) for improving the productivity of arable land and pastureland in Upper-Kitete Village, Karatu District, Tanzania. Structured interviews were conducted with 100 adults (50 males and 50 females) selected from areas of the village with different land uses. In-depth interviews were also conducted with 21 respondents, and five focus group discussions were held, each with seven participants. Participants were asked questions regarding their knowledge and use of traditional and modern farming and livestock keeping practices for improving productivity. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques were employed in collecting primary data. Data were also collected from secondary sources. The findings of the study indicated that the community of Upper-Kitete Village live in a vulnerable ecosystem, characterised by varied landscapes and diverse wildlife and plants. As individuals and as a community, village residents use traditional and modern sources of knowledge in the classification of land and the uses to which it is put. Over time, specific land uses have been identified that are suited only to particular ecological conditions. The use of both traditional and modern environmental knowledge by farmers in Upper-Kitete is indicative of the community's potential to evaluate and adopt new technologies. The study found that agricultural productivity varied depending on the system of knowledge applied (TEKS alone, MEKS alone, or the integration of TEKS and MEKS). Findings also indicated that efforts are required in accurately documenting TEKS because respondents relied on memories and did not use standard measures when they described traditional practices. Based on the study's evidence, it is recommended that an information management system be developed (at policy level) for the conservation and sustainable management of land resources. The identification of knowledge would ideally proceed through three stages: i) identification of traditional environmental knowledge; ii) the setting of standards for its application; and iii) dissemination of information to the wider community. The integration of TEKS and MEKS also needs to follow a similar process.
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    An Intensity Analysis of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change in Karatu District, Tanzania: Community Perceptions and Coping Strategies
    (Taylor & Francis, 2013-11) Raphael, Leonia; Hambati, Herbert; Armah, Frederick A.
    Land-use and land-cover changes (LULCCs) are the result of complex interactions between the human (cultural, socio-economic and political) and the biophysical environment at different spatial scales. The present study assessed the spatial distribution of LULC (1976–2008) in the high and low altitude zones in the northern highlands of Karatu, Tanzania, using both qualitative (in-depth interviews and focus group discussions) and quantitative techniques (Intensity Analysis). The qualitative approach was used to elicit information on the coping strategies adopted by land users as transitions occurred with time and the Intensity Analysis was used to assess the systematic land losses, gains and persistence of the various land categories with time. The results of the Intensity Analysis show that overall land transformation is decelerating in both agro-ecological zones across the two time intervals. In the low altitude zone, woodland, settlements and bushland are active categories unlike cultivated and grassland, which are dormant. In the low altitude zone, grassland systematically loses to cultivated areas during both time intervals. However, in the high altitude zone, forest systematically loses to woodland during both time intervals. In both agro-ecological zones, land change was rapid during the first interval and slowed during the second. We suggest that the fast change in land during the first interval may be attributed to the villagization policy in the 1970s that sought to drive the population towards rural settlements.
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    Monitored Versus Experience-Based Perceptions of Environmental Change: Evidence From Coastal Tanzania
    (Taylor & Francis, 2015-04) Armah, Frederick A.; Genesis, Yengoh; Luginaah, Isaac; Chuenpagdee, Ratana; Hambati, Herbert; Campbell, Gwyn
    The impacts of climate change are likely to exacerbate many problems that coastal areas already face. In this study, we used multinomial logistic regression to examine human perception of climate change based on a cross-sectional survey of 1253 individuals in coastal regions of Tanzania. This was complemented with time series analysis of 50-year meteorological data. The results indicate that self-rated ability to handle work pressure, self-rated ability to handle personal pressure and unexpected difficulties, age, region and educational status were significant predictors of perceived temperature change unlike ethnicity and gender. A disproportionately large percentage of respondents of all ages indicated that temperature was getting hotter between the past 10 and 30 years. This observation was supported by the time series analysis. Although respondents also alluded to changes in rainfall patterns in the past 10–30 years, time series analysis of rainfall revealed a different scenario except for Mtwara region of Tanzania. Because there is agreement between respondents' perceptions of temperature and available scientific climatic evidence over the 50-year period, this study argues that when meteorological records are incomplete or unavailable, local perceptions of climatic changes can be used to complement scientific climatic evidence. Based on the spatial differentials in climate change perception observed in this study, there is opportunity for a more locally oriented adaptation dimension to climate policy integration, which has hitherto been underserved by both academics and policymakers.
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    Weathering the Storm: Disaster Risk and Vulnerability Assessment of Informal Settlements in Mwanza City, Tanzania
    (Taylor & Francis, 2013-11) Hambati, Herbert
    This study employs participatory disaster risk and vulnerability assessment to analyse vulnerability to disasters in informal settlements in Mwanza city, Tanzania. The results show that a plethora of factors – human, physical, social, economic and natural – interact in complex non-linear ways to shape vulnerability to disaster in informal settlements in Mwanza city. The study shows that coping strategies of some individuals in informal settlements reinforce their risks to disaster. For example, the stones that are positioned on weak roof structures for protection may become projectiles in the event of storm: a kind of disaster by design. This quick-fix coping strategy is unlikely to be sustainable.