Browsing by Author "Francis, Julius"
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Item Adapting to Climate Change in Africa(2011) Gwary, D.; Nogoye, T.; Ngana, J. O.; Zakieldeen, S. A.; Yanda, Pius Z.; Ojjo-Massawa, E.; Githeko, Andrew; Ruppel, Olivier; Ngana, T.; Francis, JuliusItem Analysis of Rainfall Variations and Trends in Coastal Tanzania(Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 2013-09) Mahongo, Shigalla B.; Francis, JuliusRainfall in coastal Tanzania has been investigated for their variability and trends from seven key weather stations during the last 50 years (1960-2009). Results indicate that the island of Mafia receives the highest amount of rainfall (1879 mm/yr) while Kilwa Masoko receives the lowest (1029 mm/yr). Generally, precipitation in the islands is heavier than on the mainland coast due to moisture convergence in sea breezes. The monthly series indicate predominance of annual and semi-annual oscillations in the northern sector, while in the southern coast the annual signal is the most dominant. Partial correlation analysis revealed a significant influence of the El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on annual rainfall. However, the effects of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are relatively smaller. In the seasonal timescale, the effects of the large scale climatic phenomena are relatively smaller during the rainfall and Northeast (NE) monsoon seasons, but are significantly larger during the Southeast (SE) monsoon. Linear regressions of the monthly rainfall series portray a general downfall trend at each station, but all the trends are insignificant. The inter-annual and decadal variations show that the year 2003 and the last decade (2000-2009) were generally the driest in the last half century.Item Aquaculture Research and Development as an Entry-Point and Contributor to Natural Resources and Coastal Management(Taylor & Francis, 2010) Crawford, Brian; Celia, Maria; Portella, Maria; Ellis, Simon; Jiddawi, Narriman; Mmochi, Aviti J.; Camacho, Eladio; Dominguez, Guillermo Rodriguez; Rodriguez, Gustavo; Francis, Julius; Leclair, Carlos; Oze, Agnes; Hernandez, Nelvia; Sandoval, Erick; Aarroszewska, Marta; Dabrowski, KonradIntegrated coastal management (ICM) is often defined as some variant of the definition provided by Cicin-Sain and Knecht (1998, 11) as “a continuous and dynamic process by which decisions are taken for the sustainable use, development, and protection of coastal and marine areas and resources. ICM acknowledges the interrelationships that exist among coastal and ocean uses and the environments they potentially affect, and is designed to overcome the fragmentation inherent in the sectoral management approach. ICM is multipurpose oriented, it analyzes and addresses implications of development, conflicting uses, and interrelationships between physical processes and human activities, and it promotes linkages and harmonization among sectoral coastal and ocean activities.” Aquaculture is a wide-ranging economic development activity involving culture of marine or brackish water plants, animals, or microorganisms at some point in their life cycle. As such, aquaculture has traditionally occupied a primary place among development activities in coastal areas, and is rapidly expanding to supply protein-rich foods and other products, filling the gaps left by the decline of capture fisheries as the world population continues to grow. Growth is also expected as culture technologies and species development increasingly make new forms of aquaculture, such as off-shore systems, feasible. Aquaculture supplies approximately 47% of the world’s seafood supply and is the fastest growing form of animal husbandry at 6.9% per annum. Per capita production rose from 0.7 kg in 1970 to 7.8 kg in 2006 producing 66.7 million tons of plant and animal material with a value of $85.9 billion (Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO], 2008). Consideration of aquaculture within the context of ICM is critical as both become more important. Changes brought on by climate change will also affect the role of aquaculture along the world’s coasts, major rivers and watersheds. Aquaculture is often regarded primarily in a negative light when considered by coastal management programs, often ignored completely. Aquaculture is also often viewed as an “industry” responsible for habitat destruction, competing with other economic activities, displacing local peoples and their traditional occupations, and as an inefficient use of inputs and resources. Use of the term “industry” is misleading as very few forms of aquaculture are sufficiently large and consolidate, and geographically or structurally coherent enough to merit this term. Shrimp or salmon culture may merit this designation. Most aquaculture is conducted on a small to medium scale. FAO estimates that 80% of world aquaculture production is produced by smallholders (Subasinghe & Phillips, 2005). In fact, the lack of cohesiveness and sectoral organization is a major challenge for inclusion in natural resources management programs. Social and economic impacts are also commonly alleged to occur. This is a more problematic topic than the issue of environmental impacts since social or economic inequities or injustices are rarely well documented and are difficult to distinguish from similar issues occurring throughout a particular nation’s socioeconomic milieu. The environmental, social, and economic costs and benefits of aquaculture are highly nuanced and variable depending on which region, species, and form of aquaculture is practiced. The authors’ intention is not to debate whether or not impacts occur, to what extent or which sectors within aquaculture Downloaded By: [University of Rhode Island] At: 17:59 1 June 2010 240 M.Item Aquaculture Research and Development as an Entry-Point and Contributor to Natural Resources and Coastal Management(Taylor & Francis, 2010-05) Haws, Maria; Crawford, Brian; Portella, Maria Célia; Ellis, Simon; Jiddawi, Narriman Saleh; Mmochi, Aviti J.; Gaxiola-Camacho, Eladio; Dominguez, Guillermo Rodriguez; Rodriguez, Gustavo; Francis, Julius; Leclair, Carlos Rivas; Coze, Agnes SaborioRecent, fervent international dialogue concerning the existence and magnitude of impacts associated with aquaculture has had both positive and negative outcomes. Aquaculture stakeholders have become sensitized to requirements for improved environmental management of aquaculture. On the other hand, in some cases aquaculture development has been negatively affected by some of the unwarranted and unproved allegations to the detriment of the stakeholders most in need of aquaculture development (i.e., resource users, particularly the poor, who are dependent on natural resources). These resource users are targeted by, and directly influence biodiversity and conservation agendas; hence the need to understand how to gain their active participation. This discussion focuses on examples of how aquaculture research and development can be a useful tool or strategy for resource management initiatives and provide tangible positive including increased stakeholder participation and cooperation, offering alternatives to resource extraction and use in otherwise difficult or intransigent resource management conflicts.Item Balancing development and conservation needs in the Western Indian Ocean region(Sciencedirect, 2006-09-18) Francis, Julius; Tobey, James; Torell, ElinItem Bridging Science and Management in the Western Indian Ocean(BioOne, 2002) Öhman, Marcus C.; Björk, Mats; Kessler, Elisabeth; Francis, JuliusItem Coastal and Marine Research and Capacity Building(United Nations Environment Programme/Nairobi Convention Secretariat, 2015-06) Francis, Julius; Celliers, Louis; Rosendo, SergioMost, if not all, of the recommendations contained in this State of the Coast Report, relies on two cross-cutting and fundamental qualities. Firstly, managers, decision- and pol-icy-makers and the various end-users have access to the products of scientific research in order to wisely govern and manage the use and exploitation of resources. In this con-text, data, information and knowledge are the basis for real-ising the benefit of an Ocean Economy. Secondly, both the management of resources and the underpinning knowl-edge base relies on the availability of people with the appropriate capability to be responsible custodians of such resources. Accordingly, education, awareness and training offer a long-term solution for the sustainable development of a coastal and ocean economy. The core objectives of this chapter are first, to help in the understanding of how national and regional research agendas can contribute to a consistent and complete “big-ger picture” of data, information and knowledge required to manage the coastal and marine resources of the West-ern Indian Ocean (WIO), and secondly, present processes that contribute to the regional and national knowledge-base. The first part of the chapter will examine the past, current and future coastal and marine research priorities at various scales and how research has been or is con-ducted in the region. The second part of the chapter will explore the development of regional capacity for coastal and marine research and how existing research has been supported in the past. The chapter will conclude with successes on how science has contributed to decision- and policy-making in the regionItem Coastal resources and their use. In: Eastern Africa Atlas of Coastal Resources(UNEP, 2001-01) Francis, Julius; Mahongo, Shigalla B.; Semesi, A.; Muhando, Christopher A; Mgaya, Yunus D.; Daffa, J.; Ngoile, MagnusItem Coastal resources utilization and conservation issues in Bagamoyo, Tanzania(1998) Semesi, A. K.; Mgaya, Yunus D.; Muruke, M. H. S.; Francis, Julius; Mtolera, Matern; Msumi, G.A study was carried out to provide information about the importance of the management of coastal resources in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. The results showed that the coral reefs at Mwamba Kuni and Mshingwi are the main fishing grounds for the artisanal fishermen. Trawlers compete and conflict with artisanal fishermen. The mangroves provide habitats for fish and other animals and are a source of fuelwood, charcoal, fishing stakes, building materials, and traditional medicines. Solar salt production is also an important activity. Although Bagamoyo depends on renewable resources, the harvesting rates of most resources are not known. Habitat destruction and overexploitation of resources have resulted in declining catches. There is unawareness among the resource users of the linkages between the various coastal ecosystems, but they do have vast traditional knowledge about the resources. In this article, we present the crustacean resources, fish, sea cucumbers, mangrove products, coral reefs, tourism, and salt production activities.Item The Development of a Scientific Forum in the Western Indian Ocean Region(1998) Kyewalyanga, M.; Francis, Julius; Johnstone, Ron W.Item Eastern Africa Atlas of Coastal Resources: Tanzania(2001) Francis, Julius; Mahongo, Shigalla B.; Semesi, A. K.; Muhando, Christopher A.; Mgaya, Yunus D.; Daffa, J.; Ngoile, MagnusItem Governance of Marine Protected Areas in East Africa: A Comparative Study of Mozambique, South Africa, and Tanzania(Taylor & Francis, 2010-02) Chircop, Aldo; Francis, Julius; Van Der Elst R; Pacule, Hermes; Guerreiro, José; Grilo, Catarina; Carneiro, GonçaloMarine protected areas (MPAs), including MPA networks, have become an indispensable tool for marine conservation. This article undertakes a comparative discussion of the domestic governance frameworks of Mozambique, South Africa, and Tanzania in view of the efforts of these three states to scale up their MPA cooperation in the East African Marine Ecoregion (EAME) to include MPA networks, including transboundary MPAs. Although on many issues there appears to be regional solidarity and convergence on principles, including participatory processes and decision making to guide MPA making, there are significant differences on lead roles, institutional structures, access to public information, and conflict management, among others, which would need to be factored in MPA cooperation. Other important factors for regional MPA cooperation include policy directions on shared concerns such as conservation and development values with emphasis on equitable resource use and poverty alleviation.Item Human dimensions of coastal management in the Western Indian Ocean region(Sciencedirect, 2004-01) Francis, Julius; Torell, ElinItem Impact of Climate Change on Ecosystems, Key Sectors and Implications for Sustainable Development in Africa(2011) Francis, Julius; Semesi, S.; Ruppel, Olivier; Zakieldeen, S. A.; Githeko, Andrew; Ngana, F.; Yanda, Pius Z.Item Innovations in Capacity Building: Certification of Marine Protected Area Professionals(Taylor & Francis, 2010-04) Squillante, Lesley J.; Ricci, Glenn; Francis, Julius; Sisitka, LawrenceWith the growing recognition of the need to preserve and protect the world's marine resources have come accelerated calls at the international, regional, and national scales for increased numbers of marine protected areas (MPAs). In parallel, there are growing concerns and questions about the management effectiveness of existing MPAs. A first of its kind program in East Africa, the Western Indian Ocean Certification of Marine Protected Area Professionals or the WIO-COMPAS Program, is taking a new approach to addressing this challenge. It ensures individuals responsible for designing, managing, and operating these areas have the right skills sets and competences to help achieve management effectiveness. It then publicly certifies these individuals as having those requisite skills; and creates professional networks through which these individuals moving forward can share experiences, promote the approaches that work, and avoid repeating proven mistakes. This article outlines the global movement to increase MPAs and their effectiveness; the general model for certification of professionals and the rationale for MPA-specific certification; the WIO-COMPAS Program overview from content to management framework; the process used by the creators of the WIO-COMPAS to develop and implement the program in the region; results to date; lessons learned; and recommendations for others interested in replicating the program in other regions of the world.Item Interdisciplinary Survey on the Status and Socio-Economic Impacts of Coastal Erosion along the Tanzanian Coastline and Islands(1997) Francis, Julius; Nyandwi, Ntahondi; Msuya, Flower E.Item Marine Protected Areas in the Eastern African Region: How Successful Are They?(BioOne, 2002) Francis, Julius; Nilsson, Agneta; Waruinge, DixonThis article reviews the governance and management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), and the coral reefs they contain, in the eastern African Region. This includes the Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Tanzania, and the Seychelles. Three generations or categories of MPAs are distinguished: i) small areas for protection of a single species or unique marine habitat; iii) large multiple use MPAs designed for coastal development as well as biodiversity protection; and iii) MPAs managed by a nongovernmental organization (NGO) or the private sector. Each of these MPA types is examined according to the policies, legislation, and management systems they entail as well as the economic and community situation they operate within. The paper also provides a review of some eastern African MPAs in terms of their size and location, the type of MPA, zonation schemes, and financial status. The successes of the different types of MPAs are discussed based on specific indicators, such as changes in biodiversity, infrastructure, compliance to regulations and the level of involvement of primary stakeholders in the management. From the review it is clear that a fourth generation of MPAs may be forthcoming; community-based MPAs. Although lack of data makes it difficult to assess the effectiveness of these different categories of MPAs, it is clear that no MPA can succeed without support of the local communities. Generally, the results of the analysis are promising for MPAs, however a lack of data is hampering a deeper analysis. The major issues facing MPAs in the region are highlighted, as well as some regional initiatives striving to address these issues. A number of recommendations are made, aiming to strengthen the establishment and management of MPAs in the eastern African region.Item Monthly Variations in Sea Level at the Island of Zanzibar(Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 2010-01) Mahongo, Shigalla B.; Francis, JuliusMeteorological and tide gauge data were used to analyze correlations between climatic parameters and variations in mean sea level at Zanzibar for the period 1985-2004. This involved spectral and multiple regression analysis of the monthly variables, as well as harmonic analysis of hourly sea level. Air pressure and rainfall remained relatively constant during the 20-year study period, but there were trends in sea level, northeast winds, southeast winds and air temperature. Monthly variations in mean sea level, composed predominantly of semi-annual, annual and 4-year oscillations, were represented by the steric effect proxies of rainfall and air temperature (45%), southeast and northeast monsoon winds (41%), and air pressure (5%). The trend in sea level (9%) appeared to be mainly correlated with northeast winds. The annual cycle in sea level (36%) was represented to a certain degree by rainfall (11%), air temperature (10%), southeast winds (8%) and northeast winds (7%). The semi-annual component (28%) was best represented by southeast winds (15%), with the remaining 13% of the variability being equally represented by rainfall, northeast winds and air pressure. The 4-year oscillations, which accounted for about 27% of the variation in sea level, were mainly represented by air temperature (12%), rainfall (8%) and southeast winds (6%). There is a strong likelihood that physical processes other than meteorology and tides influenced the observed variations in sea level, especially in the 4-year cycle.Item Patterns in the Distribution and Abundance of Hard Corals around Zanzibar Island(AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 2002-12) Mbije, Nsajigwa E.; Wagner, Gregory M.; Francis, Julius; Öhman, Marcus C.; Garpe, KajsaItem Physical Processes in the Rufiji Delta and Their Possible Implications on the Mangrove Ecosystem(Springer, 1992) Francis, JuliusThe physical processes such as coastal currents, estuarine circulation and monsoon winds prevailing in the Rufiji delta are discussed. The relationship between these processes and the occurrence of long-term trapping of the river discharge and the outflow of waters from the mangrove swamps into the nearshore zone has been observed. The trapped waters in the nearshore zone significantly reduce the mixing between the estuarine and offshore waters, leading to the two waters having distinctive properties. The existence of the trapped waters in the nearshore zone is supported by evidence from a satellite image and aerial photograph and measurements of salinity and suspended sediment concentration. The trapping phenomenon is discussed in the light of its possible implications on the ecology of mangrove ecosystems. Trapping may explain the enhanced growth of the mangrove in the delta compared to other areas. This trapping effect may be providing more time for nutrient retention in the mangrove zone, incorporation of the decomposed leaf litter and fine sediments in the substrate, and settling of fruits and seedlings in the swamps, thereby enhancing the regeneration of the mangrove.