Browsing by Author "Elisante, Emrode"

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    Characterisation and Evaluation of a Novel Feedstock, Manihot Glaziovii, Muell. Arg, for Production of Bioenergy Carriers: Bioethanol and Biogas
    (2014) Moshi, Anselm P.; Crespo, Carla F.; Badshah, Malik; Hosea, Ken M. M.; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Elisante, Emrode; Mattiasson, Bo
    The objective of this study was to characterise and evaluate a wild inedible cassava species, Manihot glaziovii as feedstock for bioenergy production. Tubers obtained from 3 different areas in Tanzania were characterised and evaluated for bioethanol and biogas production. These bioenergy carriers were produced both separately and sequentially and their energy values evaluated based on these two approaches. Composition analysis demonstrated that M. glaziovii is a suitable feedstock for both bioethanol and biogas production. Starch content ranged from 77% to 81%, structural carbohydrates 3–16%, total crude protein ranged from 2% to 8%. Yeast fermentation achieved ethanol concentration of up to 85 g/L at a fermentation efficiency of 89%. The fuel energy of the bioethanol and methane from flour-peels mix ranged from 5 to 13 and 11 to 14 MJ/kg VS, respectively. Co-production of bioethanol and biogas in which the peels were added to the fermentation residue prior to anaerobic digestion produced maximum fuel energy yield of (15–23 MJ/kg VS).
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    Combined Production of Bioethanol and Biogas from Peels of Wild Cassava Manihot Glaziovii
    (Elsevier, 2015) Moshi, Anselm P.; Temu, Stella G.; Ngesa, Ivo A.; Malmo, Gashaw; Hosea, Ken M.; Elisante, Emrode; Mattiasson, Bo
    Cassava peels were pre-treated with alkali, enzyme and in sequential combination of alkali and enzyme, and used for production of bioethanol or biogas, or both (in sequence, bioethanol followed by biogas). The Biogas Endeavour and Automatic Methane Potential Test Systems were used for production of bioethanol and biogas, respectively. The bioethanol yield and volumetric productivity achieved with alkali pre-treatment combined in sequence with enzyme pre-treatment were 1.9 mol/mol and 1.3 g/L/h which was higher than the yield (1.6 mol/mol) and volumetric productivity (0.5 g/L/h) obtained from only enzyme pre-treated peels. Alkali combined in sequence with enzyme was proven to be the best treatment showing a 56% improvement in methane yield compared to the yield from untreated sample. Combined ethanol and methane production resulted in 1.2–1.3-fold fuel energy yield compared to only methane and 3–4-fold compared to only ethanol production. This study therefore provides practical data on the scenario best suited for the harnessing of energy from cassava peels.
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    High Temperature Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Starch from Inedible Wild Cassava (Manihot Glaziovii) to Bioethanol Using Caloramator Boliviensis
    (Elsevier, 2015) Moshi, Anselm P.; Hosea, Ken M.; Elisante, Emrode; Mamo, G.; Mattiasson, Bo
    The thermoanaerobe, Caloramator boliviensis was used to ferment starch hydrolysate from inedible wild cassava to ethanol at 60 °C. A raw starch degrading α-amylase was used to hydrolyse the cassava starch. During fermentation, the organism released CO2 and H2 gases, and Gas Endeavour System was successfully used for monitoring and recording formation of these gaseous products. The bioethanol produced in stoichiometric amounts to CO2 was registered online in Gas Endeavour software and correlated strongly (R2 = 0.99) with values measured by HPLC. The organism was sensitive to cyanide that exists in cassava flour. However, after acclimatisation, it was able to grow and ferment cassava starch hydrolysate containing up to 0.2 ppm cyanide. The reactor hydrogen partial pressure had influence on the bioethanol production. In fed-batch fermentation by maintaining the hydrogen partial pressure around 590 Pa, the organism was able to ferment up to 76 g/L glucose and produced 33 g/L ethanol.
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    P366: Alternatives to the Biomedical Waste Incineration in the Treatment and Waste Sorting System in the Chain
    (BioMed Central, 2013) Abdoulaye, F.; Elisante, Emrode; Mwinuka, T.; Katima, Jamidu H. Y; Emmanuel, J.
    Within the framework of the International Project UNDP / GEF HCW, which was launched in 2008, the College of Engineering (COET) at the University of Dar es Salaam has developed an affordable technology that is respectful of environment and is based on the concepts of state-of the art autoclave waste treatment systems used in industrialized countries. This equipment without incineration technology has been designed, manufactured and tested at COET through the collaboration of students, teachers, support staff and experts from UNDP / GEF. It is ideal for medium-sized county hospitals of about 100 beds.
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    Production of Bioethanol from Wild Cassava Manihot glaziovii through Various Combinations of Hydrolysis and Fermentation in Stirred Tank Bioreactors
    (2015) Moshi, Anselm P.; Hosea, Ken M.; Elisante, Emrode; Mshandete, Anthony M.; Nges, Ivo A.
    Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to evaluate three ethanol fermentation approaches namely (I) separate hydrolysis and common fermentation (II) separate hydrolysis and fermentation and (III) simultaneous saccharification and fermentation in stirred tank reactors using inedible wild cassava as feedstock. Study Design: Tubers of wild cassava (Manihot glaziovii) were obtained from two districts i Tanzania. Fermentation of hydrolysate and partially liquefied cassava flour was performed in stirred tank reactors. Methodology: Feedstock composition analysis for structural carbohydrate was performed using acid hydrolysis and high pressure liquid chromatography technique. Analysis of total nitrogen was done by Kjeldahl acid digestion technique, total cyanide was determined using linamarase loaded picrate paper whereas macro-and micronutrients were analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Thermostable α-amylase and glucoamylase were used to partially hydrolyze the cassava flour to fermentable sugars prior to yeast fermentation. The hydrolysis (liquefaction) was performed at 90°C, 1h followed by saccharification using glucoamylase at 60°C, 2h for approaches I and II. For approach III, liquefaction was performed at 90°C, 1h followed by direct saccharification and fermentation. Fermentation of hydrolysate and partially liquefied starch from wild cassava was done in stirred tank reactors at 30±2°C using baker’s yeast. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biotechnology, Lund University from January to June 2014. Results: The wild cassava (M. glaziovii) tubers possessed comparable physical dimensions to the domesticated cassava, however they displayed higher average flesh proportion (76 to 79%) compared to the domesticated cassava (74%). Compositional analysis disclosed that the wild cassava possessed interesting properties for bioethanol production such as dry matter of up to 89% w/w, degradable carbohydrate up to 90% (dry weight basis), total kjeldahal nitrogen 0.8-1.6% w/w and satisfactory concentration of macro-and micronutrients. Amongst the three fermentation approaches, high ethanol titre of 10-11% (v/v) at high conversion efficiency of 97.6% was achieved for separate hydrolysis and fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, whereas low ethanol titre (4.2% v/v) at efficiency of 39% was achieved for separate hydrolysis and common fermentation. Volumetric productivities for the three approaches; ‘separate hydrolysis and common fermentation’, ‘separate hydrolysis and fermentation’, and ‘simultaneous saccharification and fermentation’ were 2.0, 5.5 and 6.5 respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained in the present study demonstrated that wild cassava has a high starch content, contain balanced nutrients required for efficient bioethanol production and that simultaneous saccharification and fermentation is the best approach for bioconversion of the wild cassava to bioethanol using stirred tank reactors.
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    Production of Raw Starch-Degrading Enzyme by Aspergillus Sp. And Its Use in Conversion of Inedible Wild Cassava Flour to Bioethanol
    (Elsevier, 2016) Moshi, Anselm P.; Hosea, Ken M.; Elisante, Emrode; Mamo, Gashaw; Önnby, Linda; Nges, Ivo A.
    The major bottlenecks in achieving competitive bioethanol fuel are the high cost of feedstock, energy and enzymes employed in pretreatment prior to fermentation. Lignocellulosic biomass has been proposed as an alternative feedstock, but because of its complexity, economic viability is yet to be realized. Therefore, research around non-conventional feedstocks and deployment of bioconversion approaches that downsize the cost of energy and enzymes is justified. In this study, a non-conventional feedstock, inedible wild cassava was used for bioethanol production. Bioconversion of raw starch from the wild cassava to bioethanol at low temperature was investigated using both a co-culture of Aspergillus sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a monoculture of the later with enzyme preparation from the former. A newly isolated strain of Aspergillus sp. MZA-3 produced raw starch-degrading enzyme which displayed highest activity of 3.3 U/mL towards raw starch from wild cassava at 50°C, pH 5.5. A co-culture of MZA-3 and S. cerevisiae; and a monoculture of S. cerevisiae and MZA-3 enzyme (both supplemented with glucoamylase) resulted into bioethanol yield (percentage of the theoretical yield) of 91 and 95 at efficiency (percentage) of 84 and 96, respectively. Direct bioconversion of raw starch to bioethanol was achieved at 30°C through the co-culture approach. This could be attractive since it may significantly downsize energy expenses.
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    Urban Dietary Heavy Metal Intake from Protein Foods and Vegetables in Dar es Salaam
    (College of Natural and Applied Sciences (CoNAS) of the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), 2010) Ngassapa, F. N.; Othman, Othman C.; Elisante, Emrode
    Contamination of food and food products by heavy metals has made dietary intake as one of the major routes of these harmful elements to human beings. The human dietary intake of heavy metals cadmium, copper, lead and zinc from protein-foods (beans, meat, fish, milk) and green vegetables consumed daily from restaurants and street food-vendor kiosks in Dar es Salaam were determined using the Total Diet Study (TDS) method. The cooked food was bought from the restaurants and street food-vendors at several city locations (i.e. Buguruni, Manzese, Mwenge, Temeke and Ubungo) over several months and analyzed. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) after wet digestion of the edible portions of pooled samples of the foodstuff. The results showed significant variation in heavy metal concentration among the foodstuff and at the different locations. The results were compared to the FAO/WHO levels for Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) to estimate risk of toxicity and to the US Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and/or Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake (ESADDI) for a deficiency in intake. The average weekly dietary intake of cadmium and lead from protein-foods and vegetables ranged from 0.20 - 0.42 µg/kg-bw/week (i.e. 2.82 - 6.00% of PTWI) and 4.77 - 9.83 µg/kg-bw/week (i.e. 68.1 – 140.4% of PTWI) respectively. These dietary intakes were below the ADI values of 0.5 µg/kg-bw/day and 3.6 µg/kg-bw/day of the WHO for cadmium and lead respectively. The daily dietary intake of zinc and copper at all the locations were also below the ADI for these elements, the average being 21.5% for copper and 19.8% for zinc. The results show clearly that the daily urban dietary intake of copper and zinc, from protein foods and vegetables along main streets at the above locations, was acceptable.