Browsing by Author "Dungumaro, Esther W."

Now showing 1 - 8 of 8
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    Are Tanzanian Households Moving Away from Extended? Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey Data
    (2013) Dungumaro, Esther W.
    This paper uses cross-sectional data from four Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted between 1996 and 2010 to establish trends in nuclear and extended households in Tanzania. Associations between types of households and sex of head of household, age of head of household, household size and educational attainment of head of household as the explanatory variables were tested using Pearson’s Chi Square. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to examine independent correlates to living in a nuclear than extended household. Results on trends of nuclear and extended households indicate that Tanzanian households have moved away from extended to largely nuclear. The findings of the study show that nuclear households are associated with household size, place of residence, household wealth index, as well as age and sex of head of household. Furthermore, the study reveals that in urban areas, there are more extended than nuclear households. This observation cautions the existing overgeneralization that nuclear households are more prevalent in urban areas. More site specific analyses are needed to inform both policy and pragmatic interventions.
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    Availability of Domestic Water and Sanitation in Households: A Gender Perspective Using Survey Data in South Africa
    (2013) Dungumaro, Esther W.
    The availability of domestic water and adequate sanitation is high on the agenda of both international and local communities. Despite concerted efforts to achieve the targets set by the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) for water and sanitation, current levels of water supply and adequate sanitation coverage remain largely inadequate. Various contributing factors, including economic and demographic pressures, account for the lack of adequate domestic water and sanitation. This paper analyzes the availability of water and sanitation in South Africa by gender of head of household. Lack of water and poor sanitation is one of the many challenges faced by poor urban populations. The paper examines gender differentials and the availability of domestic water and sanitation using the 2002 South Africa General Household Survey. The analysis is primarily descriptive. However, principal component analysis is also used for the purposes of estimating the wealth of households. The study finds a relationship between the socioeconomic status of households and the availability of water and sanitation. However, it does not find any major difference in the wealth of households and the availability of adequate water and sanitation by gender of household head. Based on these findings, the study recommends that generalizations concerning the feminization of poverty need to be avoided and that interventions in the realm of water and sanitation need to take account of the socioeconomic status of households and of their areas of residence
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    Biodiversity Conservation and the Poor: Practical Issues beyond Global Conferences
    (Scientific Research, 2013-08) Dungumaro, Esther W.
    The paper focuses on biodiversity—an issue that easily gets left out of consideration because it is hard to measure. While efforts to reduce over-fishing or conservation of water resources are relatively easy to discuss in quantitative terms, biodiversity in terms of plant species is usually covered by crude and even invalid figures. The paper begins by providing a brief historical overview of attempts to define biodiversity, going back to the early efforts in Africa to deal with conservation and showing how definitions have evolved overtime and how they have shaped conservation efforts. While the main focus of the paper is biodiversity conservation and the poor, the paper makes references to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) and other important global conferences including the World Conference on Environment and Development and Convention on Biological Diversity. The paper finds that international conferences by and large do not adequately address the issue of biodiversity and the poor. The limited commitment shown by political leaders at the conferences should be a reason for global and local authorities to create an environment that enables communities to meet their daily needs, foster development and conserve biodiversity.
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    Challenges and Opportunities to Climate Change Adaptation and Sustainable Development Among Tanzanian Rural Communities
    (2010) Dungumaro, Esther W.; Hyden, Goran
    In more recent years climate change impacts have been obvious around the globe. This non-contentious reality has resulted in various global initiatives to reduce climate change impacts. However, differences exist in opportunities and capacity to adaptation. This paper, descriptive in nature, draws heavily from literature and also uses 2002 Tanzanian population and housing census to identify and discuss major challenges and opportunities to climate change adaptation and sustainable development in rural areas of Tanzania. Two groups are of focus; pastoralist herders and smallholder farmers. Analysis indicates that opportunities to climate change adaptation among rural community include their knowledge and experience. Challenges are centered on the pervasive poverty, rapid population increase and high illiteracy rates. Forces beyond their control including funds and governance also present definite limits to climate change adaptation. The paper suggests among others, the effective implementation of two top policies: education and social security funding.
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    Consequences of Female Migration for Families in Tanzania
    (Central Printing Unit, 2013-12) Dungumaro, Esther W.
    This is a descriptive study of consequences of migration for families in areas of origin in Iringa region, Tanzania. The study involved interviews with ten families in Iringa and ten female migrants from Iringa working as domestic workers in Dar es Salaam. Families reported no improvements in financial status following their daughters’ migration. This observation challenges the popular view that the decision by a family member to migrate contributes to their household’s increased income and improved living standards. Whereas migration has not improved household income, it has negatively impacted on migrants’ families in rural areas. These impacts range from health, social to economic shortfalls evidenced in, for example, having to care for the HIV positive returning migrants and their fatherless children. Migrants’ failure to improve their families’ livelihoods is attributed to among other factors lack of terms of service attached to the recruitment and small salary paid to them. The study recommends formulation and effective implementation of policies to protect domestic workers rights.
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    Contracting-out primary health care services in Tanzania towards UHC: how policy processes and context influence policy design and implementation
    (International Journal For Equity in Health, 2018-10) Maluka, Stephen; Chitama, Dereck; Dungumaro, Esther W.; Masawe, Crecensia; Rao, Krishna; Shroff, Zubin
    Background: Governments increasingly recognize the need to engage non-state providers (NSPs) in health systems in order to move successfully towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC). One common approach to engaging NSPs is to contract-out the delivery of primary health care services. Research on contracting arrangements has typically focused on their impact on health service delivery; less is known about the actual processes underlying the development and implementation of interventions and the contextual factors that influence these. This paper reports on the design and implementation of service agreements (SAs) between local governments and NSPs for the provision of primary health care services in Tanzania. It examines the actors, policy process, context and policy content that influenced how the SAs were designed and implemented. Methods: We used qualitative analytical methods to study the Tanzanian experience with contracting- out. Data were drawn from document reviews and in-depth interviews with 39 key informants, including six interviews at the national and regional levels and 33 interviews at the district level. All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and translated into English. Data were managed in NVivo (version 10.0) and analyzed thematically. Results: The institutional frameworks shaping the engagement of the government with NSPs are rooted in Tanzania’s long history of public-private partnerships in the health sector. Demand for contractual arrangements emerged from both the government and the faith-based organizations that manage NSP facilities. Development partners provided significant technical and financial support, signaling their approval of the approach. Although districts gained the mandate and power to make contractual agreements with NSPs, financing the contracts remained largely dependent on donor funds via central government budget support. Delays in reimbursements, limited financial and technical capacity of local government authorities and lack of trust between the government and private partners affected the implementation of the contractual arrangements. Conclusions: Tanzania’s central government needs to further develop the technical and financial capacity necessary to better support districts in establishing and financing contractual agreements with NSPs for primary health care services. Furthermore, forums for continuous dialogue between the government and contracted NSPs should be fostered in order to clarify the expectations of all parties and resolve any misunderstandings.
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    Social Protection in Tanzania. In Social Protection Schemes in Africa
    (2012) Dungumaro, Esther W.
    Tanzania is the largest country in East Africa. According to the latest census conducted in 2002, the population was 34 million. Projections based on the annual population growth rate of 2.9 percent indicate that the country's population by 2009 would stand at 43 million people. Tanzania got its independence in 1961 (as Tanganyika) and united with Zanzibar in 1964 to form Tanzania