Browsing by Author "Chalu, Henry"

Now showing 1 - 15 of 15
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    Accounting choices and their determinants in Oil and Gas Activities of Global Major Companies
    (Business Management Review, 2019-01) Chalu, Henry
    One of the two objectives of this study was to determine whether there is significant variation in accounting treatment choice of oil and gas activities of major oil and gas companies, and the second objective was to identify critical factors for accounting choice. To achieve the objectives, the study collected data from 25 major oil and gas companies using a checklist of items (index) which was used to review accounting policies covered by the financial statements of these companies. The data collected was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics whereby non-parametric tests were used. The study findings show that in case of accounting treatment choices, there are significant variations in accounting treatment on oil and gas activities. In case of determinants, the study found that company size has influence on initial measuring decommissioning liability, using proved reserves as basis for unit of production, using fair value as well as recognition of both cash payments and value of future assets in case of unproven reserves. Company location was found to have influence on use of LIFO to value inventories, not recognising deferred taxes at initial recognition of decommissioning liability, use of proved reserves as a basis for unit of production, recognition cash payments received only in case of unproven reserves, as well as application of successful efforts method. Duration was found to influence the use of reducing balance method to depreciate its assets as well as not recognising deferred taxes at initial recognition of decommissioning liability. The study suggests that accounting standard setters have to strike a balance between harmonisation and accounting flexibility, to ensure that accounting data is both comparable and informative.
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    Accounting Information Systems and Governance Issues in Local Government Authorities in Tanzania
    (2015) Chalu, Henry; Kessy, Severine S. A.
    Among the strategies identified by MKUKUTA to improve good governance in Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania are those concerned with strengthening financial management, accounting, financial reporting, auditing and budgeting. The opinion is that strengthening those processes requires an effective accounting information system (AIS). Therefore this study had two aims; first to explore the role played by AIS in promoting accountability, participation, predictability and transparency; and second to identify factors influencing the effectiveness of AIS in fulfilling those roles. To achieve these objectives, the data analysed were collected from four LGAs through 23 interviews, 3 focus group discussions and documentary analysis. The findings show that AIS plays a minimum role in the achievement of good governance and the reasons for this are also identified. The study recommends that to achieve good governance, there is a need to design and install AIS that includes good governance components.
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    Analysis of Stakeholder Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Accounting Information Systems in Tanzania's Local Authorities
    (University of Dar es Salaam Business School, 2012) Chalu, Henry
    This paper assesses the stakeholder-related factors which influence Accounting Information Systems (AIS) effectiveness in Tanzania’s Local Authorities (LAs). Using data collected from 19 LAs in Tanzania, we tested six factors: management support, qualification of accounting staff, education of councilors, and availability of AIS consultants, external auditor specialization and councilors’ involvement in AIS matters using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The results from CCA show that management support, external auditors’ specialization and councilors’ involvement are the most critical factors in ensuring AIS effectiveness in the country’s local authorities. Next were the qualifications of accounting staff and the education level of councilors, which were established as strong factors for AIS effectiveness in LAs. The study, therefore, concludes that for LAs to have effective AIS they need to take measures such as recognizing the importance of AIS effectiveness in organizational operations, allocate sufficient resources and time for the development and implementation of AIS, provide training on computerized AIS, attract qualified personnel as well as raise the mandatory minimum education level requirement for LA councilors.
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    Assessing the Relationship between Human Resource Strategies and Local Content in Tanzania Oil and Gas Industry
    (Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2015-08-15) Kalufya, Nuru; Michael, Francis; Chalu, Henry
    Localisation of workforce is the major driving force for Human Resource Strategies in the OG Industry. However implementation of local content policy in the industry is facing major challenges. This study focused on assessment of HR strategies used in implementing the localisation in OG industry and also to determine the factors affecting localisation of Human Resource in the industry. Four case studies selected from the industry were employed to collect in-depth information. The study finds that all of the cases studied companies seem to be committed to local content policy. However it was observed that the practicability of their commitment to local content compliance was facing challenges during the implementation as there is a lack of locals with the needed qualifications in the industry, there are no local training institutes specialized in Oil and Gas, also many of the companies in the industry in Tanzania are new and some in early stages of their operations. It was further observed that local businesses are facing the same challenges of qualifications of locals and their business in rendering the services as per international or desired standards. Lack of localisation related HR Strategies and Government system support and commitment to the localisation seems to be the main factors affecting the localisation of Human resource in Tanzania. So in order for the Local content to be achieved, Human Resource strategies has to be localisation related and the Government has to be fully committed and support the localisation in the industry.
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    Determinants of Capital Structure of Oil and Gas Companies in Tanzania
    (2019) Richard, Evelyn M; Chalu, Henry; Ngohelo, Angela H
    This study examined the determinants of capital structure of oil and gas companies in Tanzania. Based on two theories - Pecking Order and Trade-Off - the study tested tangibility, firm size, growth, profitability and tax shield. To test these variables, secondary data of eight oil and gas firms operating from 2008 to 2014 was used. Using multiple regression analysis, the study found that the effect of the independent variables on leverage differs with the level of operations. When all firms are considered, the size of the firm, profitability, tax effect and growth rate tend to be negatively but insignificantly related with the capital structure. Tangibility has an insignificant positive relationship with capital structure. When considering only firms that are at the selling level, profitability, tangibility and growth variables significantly but negatively relate with capital structure. Tax significantly affects the capital structure positively while size has no effect. The study contributes to the Pecking Order Theory that firms tend to use for internally generated funds before using external sources. It challenges the Trade-Off Theory which suggests that there is a positive relationship between tangible assets and leverage. Practically, the study suggests that determining factors differ along the project life cycle. Their effect on the capital structure may not be significant at the initial and developmental stage but significant during the selling and growth stages.
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    Determinants of Pension Benefits Portability in Tanzania
    (2013) Chalu, Henry; Mbwile, Patrick
    This study attempts to identify determinants of pension funds benefits portability in Tanzania. This study used primary data collected from 100 members of pensions schemes through questionnaire. Utilizing regression analysis, this study examines the influence of administrative costs, information availability, pension funds, membership and economic factors on members’ preferences for portable pension schemes in Tanzania. The results reveal that factors that significantly influence the portability of pension funds include pension schemes factors, member factors and economic factors. The study recommends that to make effective portability regulators should design portability policies that are beneficial to both pension schemes and members. Likewise, policies should take into consideration economic factors. One limitation of this study is that data collected from a small sample and only five factors were tested. Hence, future studies can use large numbers and test more factors.
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    Economic Opportunity for Economic Development: The Linkage between Extractive MNCs and SMEs: The Case of Extractive Firms in the Gas Sector in Tanzania
    (Maxwell Scientific Publication Corp, 2015) Nyello, Riziki M.; Chalu, Henry; Kitindi, Ernest G.
    The linkage between extractive firms and local SMEs is so important in economic development of the country including SMEs development. Many people have engaged themselves in the running of SMEs and therefore the linkage with extractive firms will enable the broad participation of the local population in the oil and gas sector. However, the key issue is not on the linkage itself, but it is on what type of linkage is formed and how it is formed. With this fact, the study focused on two issues, namely to examine the type of linkages and identifying the strategies and policies used by extractive firms to promote the linkages with local SMEs. The study used two cases from extractive firms and one case of SMEs to support its findings. The findings revealed that the backward linkage is the type of linkage that exist in the gas sector and many SMEs link with the extractive MNCs through the indirect channel of backward linkage. Moreover, despite the fact that some extractive firms have policies and strategies that guide their linkage with local firms, the strategies and policies do not explicitly guide the linkage with SMEs rather they focus on the local firms in general. Therefore the study, among others, recommends that the extractive firms must develop policies and strategies that will aim at promoting the backward linkage with local SMEs. Additionally, the extractive firms are advised to develop the selective procurement procedures that will be in favour of local SMEs without undermining the need of delivering products that meet the predetermined quality standards.
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    Exploring the Distinguishing Features of Islamic Banking in Tanzania
    (2014) Chalu, Henry
    Despite its growth, Islamic banking has not escaped criticisms that Islamic banks are not really Islamic. To address that gap, this study was conducted to assess the distinguishing features of Islamic banks in Tanzania. This study used four criteria: compliance with Islamic principles of finance; selection of customers for Islamic banking; structuring conventional banks to follow the Islamic principles as well as competence of Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) to guide and advise banks. Using descriptive analysis from 60 respondents (customers and officials of two conventional banks which have introduced Islamic banking), the study found that there is limited awareness in case of compliance with Islamic principles of finance as selection of customers is not purely based on Islamic principles and hence limited religious influence, limited structuring of banks to comply with Islamic principles as well as moderate competence of SSB. On the basis of current findings, the study, therefore, concludes that it is very difficult for these banks operating in Tanzania to be termed as really Islamic.
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    The Impact of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) on Forest-Dependent Livelihoods by Gender in Tanzania and the Role of The Institutional Framework for Equitable Benefits
    (2013) Mwakaje, Agnes G.; King’ori, Judika; Temu, Sylvia; Lokina, Razack; Chalu, Henry
    Tanzania has been receiving significant funding from donor countries for the implementation of programmes to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD). REDD is seen as an opportunity to enhance conservation and livelihoods. But what is the impact of REDD on gender? This is an area of inquiry that has not been critically looked into. This study was an attempt towards filling this information gap. It was conducted in Kilosa District. A total of 294 households were selected randomly for interviews. There was also consultation with focus groups and key informants. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather information. The data was analysed using statistical and livelihoods models. The findings reveal a high level of dependence on the forest for livelihoods by the communities but nevertheless they were in favour of the REDD programmes if the programmes will enhance their livelihoods and they will be fully involved in managing the programmes. Male respondents were more interested in knowing a period to wait before they could start benefiting from the programmes while women were more concerned about the sustainability of the benefits they would receive. We conclude that for the REDD programmes to be successful, gender issues must be identified and mainstreamed.
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    The Impact of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) on Forest-Dependent Livelihoods by Gender in Tanzania and the Role of the Institutional Framework for Equitable Benefits
    (International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 2013) Mwakaje, A. G.; Lokina, Razack B.; King'ori, J.; Temu, S.; Chalu, Henry
    Tanzania has been receiving significant funding from donor countries for the implementation of programmes to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD). REDD is seen as an opportunity to enhance conservation and livelihoods. But what is the impact of REDD on gender? This is an area of inquiry that has not been critically looked into. This study was an attempt towards filling this information gap. It was conducted in Kilosa District. A total of 294 households were selected randomly for interviews. There was also consultation with focus groups and key informants. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather information. The data was analysed using statistical and livelihoods models. The findings reveal a high level of dependence on the forest for livelihoods by the communities but nevertheless they were in favour of the REDD programmes if the programmes will enhance their livelihoods and they will be fully involved in managing the programmes. Male respondents were more interested in knowing a period to wait before they could start benefiting from the programmes while women were more concerned about the sustainability of the benefits they would receive. We conclude that for the REDD programmes to be successful, gender issues must be identified and mainstreamed.
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    VALUE CHAIN COORDINATION IN COFFEE SECTOR: AN ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCING FACTORS FOR SMALLHOLDERS UPGRADING IN TANZANIA
    (Academy of International Business Sub-Saharan Africa Chapter, 2014-08-13) Nguni, Winnie; Chalu, Henry
    This study aims to provide understanding of how value chain coordination in coffee sector influences smallholders upgrading in Tanzania. The study’s conceptual framework is based on global value chains and institutional perspective. Qualitative data collection approach through interviews, focus group discussions and documentary review was employed. Results indicate that critical factors can be grouped into institutional framework, standards, financing, and business management. The study recommends that to achieve a well-coordinated value chain that enhances smallholders upgrading, there is a need to improve institutional infrastructure, encourage local investment, facilitate good business models, and create financing mechanism for coffee production and selling.
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    Value Chain Coordination in Coffee Sector: An Analysis of Influencing Factors for Smallholders Upgrading in Tanzania
    (Academy of International Business Sub-Saharan Africa Chapter, 2014-08-13) Chalu, Henry; Nguni, Winnie
    This study aims to provide understanding of how value chain coordination in coffee sector influences smallholders upgrading in Tanzania. The study’s conceptual framework is based on global value chains and institutional perspective. Qualitative data collection approach through interviews, focus group discussions and documentary review was employed. Results indicate that critical factors can be grouped into institutional framework, standards, financing, and business management. The study recommends that to achieve a wellcoordinated value chain that enhances smallholders upgrading, there is a need to improve institutional infrastructure, encourage local investment, facilitate good business models, and create financing mechanism for coffee production and selling.
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    Why SMEs are not Utilizing Lease Finance in Tanzania
    (2012) Chalu, Henry; Abdul, Amina