Browsing by Author "Bwire, Hannibal"

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    An Assessment of Factors Affecting the Independent Mobility of Children in Dar es Salaam
    (2011) Bwire, Hannibal; Chacha, P.
    The opportunity for children to move about freely in public outdoor environments without an accompanying adult is defined in the literature as 'child independent mobility'. Studies of child independent mobility in other parts of the world have led to the revision of the way that measures of child mobility, development, road safety, and general well-being are contextualised, assessed and catered for in national policies. As a result, child independent mobility and related subjects have become important issues in many parts of the world, but especially so in Africa where local conditions in support of walking and cycling are not good and access to education is of vital developmental importance. This paper reports upon the findings of a child independent mobility study conducted in Dar es Salaam in 2010. The study involved the collection of quantitative and qualitative data through the administration of questionnaires completed by both schoolchildren aged 7-15 years old, and their parents or guardians. The paper presents the study's findings with respect to schoolchildren participation in activities outside their home environments without an adult, and the issues that influence this. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications the study findings have for policies aimed at improving children's independent mobility and safety and security in public outdoor environments.
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    Children's Independent Mobility and Perceptions of Outdoor Environments in Dar Es Salaam City, Tanzania
    (2011) Bwire, Hannibal
    This article discusses children's independent mobility (CIM) in Dar es Salaam City. Children's independent mobility refers to the freedom of those under 18 years old to move around in public outdoor environments without adult accompaniment. A number of studies have shown that the neighbourhood environment can be extremely important in enabling children to attain recommended levels of physical activity; the more time children are able to spend in a public outdoor environment the more they are likely to be physically active. Such studies have influenced how researchers measure children mobility, safety, development and well-being. Studies of CIM and related subjects are very important in Africa. Local conditions in support of walking and cycling are poor, which impacts on children's access to education. The study reported here involved the collection of quantitative and qualitative data through the administration of questionnaires completed by both school children aged 7-15 years old, and their parents or guardians. The main focus of this article is on the difference age and gender have on children's independent mobility, children's independent mobility after school hours and during the weekend, and on parents' perception of public outdoor environments. The article concludes with a summary of study findings and policies aimed at improving children's independent mobility and safety and security in public outdoor environments.
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    Effects of Residential Land Use on Trip Generation in Urban Areas: Comparison between Estimated Trip Generation Rates and Planning Practices in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
    (WORLD TRANSPORT POLICY AND PRACTICE, 41 CHURCH ST, CHURCH STRETTON, SHROPSHIRE SY6 6DQ, 2015-10) Wilfred, Gordian; Bwire, Hannibal; Mattsson, LarsGöran; Jonsson, Daniel
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    FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO TRAFFIC FLOW CONGESTION IN HETEROGENOUS TRAFFIC CONDITIONS
    (International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, 2019-05-15) Mahona, John; Mhilu, Cuthbert; Kihedu, Joseph; Bwire, Hannibal
    Most of the urban roadways do experience traffic flow congestion at various road sections called critical traffic points, which is partly contributed by the presence of various factors on the roadways. A number of studies have used travel time indices to determine congested links of the road networks. However, the travel time-delay based indices have found less application in the identification and quantification of congestion levels in the road networks. As a result, a limited number of studies have examined the factors contributing to the propagation of congestions at various road sections using the travel time-delay indices. This paper aims to identify factors contributing to propagation of traffic congestions at frequently congested traffic critical points and to estimate their influence on the entire road network using travel time-delay data. Travel time-delay data were collected by using test moving cars.The results indicate that low travel-delay transition index below 0.70 signify the jam and crowded traffic flow condition, while higher values greater than 0.70 indicate free flow phenomena. On the other hand, high congestion index values indicate jam and crowded flow conditions whereas the low values below 0.5 signify free flow conditions. Further, the results showed that low transition index and high congestion index values were associated with roadway design factors such as T-joints, cross joints, bus stops, humps and traffic lights, which are considered to be static bottlenecks which impedes the vehicle flow.
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    FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SEVERITY OF MOTORCYCLE CRASHES IN DAR ES SALAAM
    (Transportation Research Board’s 97th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 2018) Salum, Jimoku Hinda; Kitali, Angela E; Bwire, Hannibal; Sando, Thobias; Alluri, Priyanka
    Motorcycles are a common mode of transportation in low and middle-income countries. Tanzania, in particular, has experienced an increased use of motorcycles in the last decade. In Dar es Salaam, motorcycles provide door-to-door travel, and often operate where more conventional services are uneconomical or physically impossible to maneuver. Although motorcycles play a crucial role in improving mobility in the city, they have several safety issues. This study focuses on identifying factors influencing severity of motorcycle crashes. From 2013-2016, a total of 784 motorcycle crashes were extracted from the Tanzania police force records. The severity categories were fatality, severe injury, minor injury, and property damage only. A multinomial logit analysis was performed. The following factors were found to increase the probability of a fatality: speeding, driving under influence, head-on impact type, presence of horizontal curves, reckless riding, during off peak hours, violations, and riding without helmets. The results indicate that crashes occurring on weekdays, during peak hours, at intersections, rear-end impact type, in daylight, on street roads, and under clear weather conditions decrease the probability of a fatality. However, minor injuries and property damage only crashes are associated with crashes occurring during peak hours, at intersections, at street roads, and failure to yield right-of-way. From the findings, several countermeasures are recommended. The proposed countermeasures take the holistic safety improvement strategies encompassing the three E’s of highway safety, namely engineering, education, and enforcement.
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    OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEWLY INTRODUCED BUS RAPID TRANSIT IN DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA
    (Transportation Research Board’s 96th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 2017) Matata, Flavius; Kitali, Angela E; Sando, Thobias; Bwire, Hannibal
    Introduction of Dar es Salaam Bus Rapid Transit (DART) in Dar es Salaam metropolitan city, Tanzania, which involves use of exclusive curbed median bus lanes, meant to reduce the congestion problem by reducing travel times reliability and variability. Improved travel time benefits offered by BRT system eventually attract commuters to public transit hence reducing congestion through modal shift from private transportation system. This paper aimed at analyzing the operational impact of the DART system in Dar es Salaam metropolitan city as well as challenges inhibiting efficient operation of the system. The performance of DART system was measured based on ridership, and travel time savings measures, while challenges which the system is facing were also investigated by interviewing various stakeholders.The drivers were interviewed together with the passengers in all routes at different times of the day. Along BRT routes, students either using BRT or other means of transport mode were interviewed concerning their perception towards BRT. With the use of questionnaires, the private car owners riding along the BRT routes were interviewed with the main focus being why they still use private cars instead of BRT. Descriptive analysis was then conducted on the data collected for different groups and exploring their views and opinions to determine the effect of BRT in the city. Findings from this analysis reveal the need for improving the current BRT system and all associated operations to have a better performing transportation system.
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    Review of Pre-feasibility Study: Main Report and Financial Model on the Mtwara Common User Quay Facility Project for Oil and Gas Supply Base Project
    (University of Dar Es Salaam Consultancy Bureau, 2015) Philemon, Diana; Dubi, Alfonse M.; Bwire, Hannibal; Minja, Elinami
    This report contains views on the Pre-feasibility Study Report by AECOM on the proposed Mtwara Common User Quay Facility Project for Oil and Gas Supply Base. The review was undertaken by a multi-disciplinary team of experts ranging from port engineering, transportation planning and engineering to economics and marketing. The concept design is in principle applicable, but for the case of Mtwara, it should be supported by appropriate geotechnical information, met-ocean data and other factors mentioned in the relevant sections of this report. The financial model proposed in the pre-feasibility study is at a very early stage and only provides basic outlook of the economic and financial viability of the project. As noted in the supplementary notes “… [Themodel] has been developed for the purpose of sensitivity testing and to provide and [sic] baseline for adjustments and future assumptions”. The report is clear about the depth of the contents of the model by giving a caveat that “... [The] model should not be relied upon for budget or business case purposes”. It is our view that the caveat be taken seriously and cannot therefore be relied upon. As for Traffic forecast: A thorough review of the Market Assessment Report reveals no forecast model is presented as purported in the main report, instead traffic forecasts are presented. As for the Concession Strategy, the build-own-operate-and-transfer (BOOT) is recommended. Monitoring mechanisms need to be in place to ensure the quality of the assets agreed by the parties is upheld from construction to the end of the concession period. At the same time, proponents of the project should adhere to the National Public Private Partnership (PPP) Policy (2009), the Public Private Partnership (PPP) Act (2010), as well as the PPP Operational Guidelines for Tanzania Mainland (2010) and PPP Regulations (2011). Overall, information contained in the report is very course and hence it is recommended that a proper pre-feasibility study be conducted.
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    School Travel Modes Preferences in Dar Es Salaam City
    (2009) Bwire, Hannibal
    School travel usually takes place at peak hours and has the same starting point and destination every day. It is therefore often easier to target school trips with road safety programmes and certain travel demand management strategies like shared services. In many ways, walking and cycling are ideal ways to get to and from school, though other countries have invested in school bus transport for school children. Many African cities including Dar es Salaam have done little to promote sustainable, safe, comfortable, secure, affordable and environmentally friendly school travel. Additionally, little is known about how school children would like to get to and from school, the factors that influence school travel mode choice and the potential of measures that have improved school travel in other countries. This paper presents the current and preferred modes of travel to and from school based on a survey that involved 18 schools in Dar es Salaam city. In addition, the paper identifies several factors that influence the use of available school travel modes.
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    Severity of motorcycle crashes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
    (Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2019-05-19) Salum, Jimoku Hinda; Kitali, Angela E; Bwire, Hannibal; Sando, Thobias; Alluri, Priyanka
    Objective: Motorcycles are a common mode of transportation in low- and middle-income countries. Tanzania, in particular, has experienced an increased use of motorcycles in the last decade.In Dar es Salaam, motorcycles provide door-to-door travel and often operate where more conventional services are uneconomical or physically impossible to maneuver. Although motorcycles play a crucial role in improving mobility in the city, they have several safety issues. This study focuses on identifying factors influencing the severity of motorcycle crashes. Method: A multinomial logit analysis was conducted to identify factors influencing the severity of motorcycle crashes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The severity categories were fatal, severe injury, minor injury, and property damage only (PDO). The analysis was based on a total of 784 motorcycle crashes that occurred from 2013 to 2016. Results: The following factors were found to increase the probability of a fatality: Speeding, driving under the influence, head-on impact, presence of horizontal curves, reckless riding, off-peak hours, violations, and riding without a helmet. The results indicate that crashes occurring on weekdays, during peak hours, at intersections, involving a rear-end impact, in daylight, on street roads, and under clear weather conditions decrease the probability of a fatality. However, minor injury and PDO crashes were found to be associated with crashes occurring during peak hours, at intersections, and on street roads, as well as failure to yield right-of-way. Conclusions: Several countermeasures are recommended based on the study findings. The recommended countermeasures focus on the holistic safety improvement strategies constituting the three Es of highway safety, namely, engineering, education, and enforcement.
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    Strategies for Promoting the Use of Concrete Pavements in Tanzania: Technical and Institutional Considerations
    (Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2008) Mfinanga, David A.; Bwire, Hannibal
    High-type roads in Tanzania have been predominantly of asphaltic concrete construction. This ever enlarging and ageing asphaltic road network represents increasing resource requirements on the road agency in the form of maintenance. Limited resources coupled with the ever sky-rocketing costs of petroleum products and the competing demands of social economic developments, presupposes the need to look for alternative road onstruction technology that is more cost-effective and resource optimising. Experience gained from developed and some developing countries where concrete pavements have been widely used suggests the potential of this type of pavement in many developing countries. This paper discusses the technical aspects of design and construction- and maintenance-related aspects of concrete pavements. The discussion extends further to highlight issues pertaining to the performance of concrete pavements and strategies for promoting the use of concrete pavements in Tanzania. Conclusions and recommendations are made with suggestions on how to start implementing the proposed strategies.
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    A Unified Framework for Selecting a Travel Demand Forecasting Model for Developing Countries
    (Taylor & Francis, 2008) Bwire, Hannibal
    The ability to judge and select a model that is appropriate for a particular application is considered to be one of the most important aspects in contemporary transport planning. However, there is no suitable procedure for the systematic selection of a model that is most appropriate for meeting the needs and requirements of a particular planning task. Although there is little literature on the criteria for model assessment and selection methodologies, none can support systematic evaluation of different models versus quality of obtainable data versus efforts for data provision. Such deficiencies support the need for further guidance on a model selection procedure for developing countries where efforts for data provision are highly susceptible to higher sampling and measurement errors. This study presents a unified framework for the systematic model selection process. Evaluation of the framework for a case study of Dar es Salaam city in Tanzania evidences its benefits and applicability.