Institute of Resource Assessment

Permanent URI for this collection

https://repository.udsm.ac.tz/handle/123456789/202

Browse

Browsing Institute of Resource Assessment by Author "Abdi, Ahmed A."

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Colonization and Diversification in the African 'Sky Islands': Insights from Fossil-Calibrated Molecular Dating of Lychnis (Caryophyllaceae)
    (Wiley, 2016) Gizaw, Abel; Brochmann, Christian; Nemomissa, Sileshi; Wondimu, Tigist; Masao, Catherine A.; Tusiime, Felly M.; Abdi, Ahmed A.; Oxelman, Bengt; Popp, Magnus; Dimitrov, Dimitar
    The flora on the isolated high African mountains or 'sky islands' is remarkable for its peculiar adaptations, local endemism and striking biogeographical connections to remote parts of the world. Ages of the plant lineages and the timing of their radiations have frequently been debated but remain contentious as there are few estimates based on explicit models and fossil-calibrated molecular clocks. We used the plastid region maturaseK (matK) and a Caryophylloflora paleogenica fossil to infer the age of the genus Lychnis, and constructed a data set of three plastid (matK; a ribosomal protein S16 (rps16); and an intergenic spacer (psbE-petL)) and two nuclear (internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and a region spanning exon 18-24 in the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2)) loci for joint estimation of the species tree and divergence time of the African representatives. The time of divergence of the African high-altitude Lychnis was placed in the late Miocene to early Pliocene. A single speciation event was inferred in the early Pliocene; subsequent speciation took place sporadically from the late Pliocene to the middle Pleistocene. We provide further support for a Eurasian origin of the African 'sky islands' floral elements, which seem to have been recruited via dispersals at different times: some old, as in Lychnis, and others very recent. We show that dispersal and diversification within Africa play an important role in shaping these isolated plant communities.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Crossing Barriers in an Extremely Fragmented System: Two Case Studies in the Afro-Alpine Sky Island Flora
    (2014) Wondimu, Tigist; Gizaw, Abel; Tusiime, Felly M.; Masao, Catherine A.; Abdi, Ahmed A.; Gussarova, Galina; Popp, Magnus; Nemomissa, Sileshi; Brochmann, Christian
    The flora on the afro-alpine sky islands is renowned for extreme fragmentation, representing a unique natural experiment in biogeography. Here we address the roles of isolation and gene flow, in particular across the narrow Rift Valley (the RV barrier) that cuts through the Ethiopian Highlands (EH), and across the vast low-lying landscape that separates EH from the East African mountains (the EH–EA barrier). We inferred the history of two species with different dispersal mechanisms, but with similar geographic ranges and habitats based on Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Contrary to our predictions, we found that the populations from opposite sides of the RV barrier were less similar than those from opposite sides of the EH–EA barrier, and that only the supposedly short distance-dispersed species (Trifolium cryptopodium) showed a strong signal of secondary gene flow across the RV barrier. In the wind-dispersed Carduus schimperi, we rather found an evidence for the gene flow between differentiated populations inhabiting different EA mountains. Both species harbored little genetic diversity but considerable genetic rarity in several individual mountains, suggesting long-term isolation and bottlenecks during climatically unfavorable periods. Our genetic data corroborate a division of C. schimperi into three subspecies, but with new delimitation of their ranges, and of T. cryptopodium into two intraspecific taxa. Our findings support the idea that stochasticity may play a major role in shaping extremely fragmented ecosystems such as the afro-alpine. After initial colonization of different mountains, periods of isolation may alternate with unpredictable episodes of intermountain gene flow.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Phylogeographic History and Taxonomy of Some Afro-Alpine Grasses Assessed Based On Aflps and Morphometry: Deschampsia Cespitosa, D. Angusta and Koeleria Capensis
    (Springer Link, 2013-10) Masao, Catherine A.; Gizaw, Abel; Piñeiro, Rosalía; Tusiime, Felly M.; Wondimu, Tigist; Abdi, Ahmed A.; Popp, Magnus; Gussarova, Galina; Lye, Kåre A.; Munishi, Pantaleo; Nemomissa, Sileshi; Brochmann, Christian
    Phylogeographic studies in the high mountains of Africa are hampered by the limited material available, resulting in insufficient knowledge of taxonomic variation within and among closely related species. Here, we address genetic and morphological variation in three grass species, of which one (Deschampsia angusta) has been reported as narrowly endemic and vulnerable whereas Deschampsia cespitosa and Koeleria capensis are widely distributed also outside the afro-alpine region. We used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) to assess genetic structuring and diversity in material collected during recent field expeditions and included additional herbarium material in morphometric analyses. The plants identified as the endemic D. angusta were genetically very similar to those identified as D. cespitosa from the same mountain (Mt Ruwenzori), forming a single coherent genetic group in STRUCTURE analysis. The plants identified as D. angusta seem to represent extremes of continuous gradients of morphological variation within a single, variable species, D. cespitosa. We found that the afro-alpine material of Deschampsia consists of three genetically very distinct groups corresponding to the three mountains investigated, suggesting persistence in isolated afro-alpine refugia during one or more glacial cycles. In contrast, we found no clear genetic structure in K. capensis. This species harbored very little genetic diversity in all six mountain areas examined, and little genetic rarity except in the Ethiopian Simen Mts. This pattern may be explained by recent colonization of the afro-alpine region from a single source population or possibly by extensive recent gene flow combined with bottlenecks. We found, however, some differentiation between different K. capensis populations from Mt Kilimanjaro, corresponding to two described varieties. This study demonstrates the need for further taxonomic exploration of the enigmatic flora of the isolated afro-alpine ‘sky islands’ and highlights that different species may have conspicuously different phylogeographic histories.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Vicariance, Dispersal, and Hybridization in a Naturally Fragmented System: The Afro-Alpine Endemics Carex Monostachya and C. Runssoroensis (Cyperaceae)
    (Springer Link, 2016) Gizaw, Abel; Wondimu, Tigist; Mugizi, Tusiime F.; Masao, Catherine A.; Abdi, Ahmed A.; Popp, Magnus; Ehrich, Dorothee; Nemomissa, Sileshi; Brochmann, Christian
    The naturally fragmented habitat on the tallest African mountains provides a good model system to study vicariance, dispersal, and hybridization. Many mountains are separated by lowland that likely was unsuitable for high-alpine plants even during cold climatic periods. We explore the relative importance of these processes using two endemic sister species: the widespread Ethiopian/eastern East African Carex monostachya and the mainly western East African C. runssoroensis. These bog-forming sedges co-occur in some mountains and are hypothesized to hybridize. The two species were distinctly differentiated for genome-wide amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), also in one mountain where they co-occur. However, the plants from another mountain showed strong signals of admixture. The results suggest initial divergence into one western and one northern/eastern lineage, followed by long-distance dispersal resulting in secondary contact zones. In addition within species genetic diversity was clearly structured with distinct genetic groups on some, but not all mountains. Differentiation levels varied considerably and did not always correspond to the extent of lowland habitat between mountains. The narrow Rift Valley in the otherwise nearly contiguous highlands in Ethiopia appears to present a much stronger barrier to dispersal than the extensive lowlands separating Ethiopia from East Africa. This may be a general pattern since it has been documented also for other afro-alpine species.