Institute of Kiswahili Studies
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Item The Availability and Acceptability of Intervention Strategies against AIDS/HIV Infection in the Kagera Region of Tanzania(1997) Lugalla, Joe L. P.; Comoro, C. J.; Mutembei, Aldin K.This study was carried out as part of the Kagera AIDS Research Project, a collaborative project between the University of Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania and the Department of Epidemiology and Health Care Research at the University of Umea in Sweden. The project was created in the Kagera Region (Tanzania) in 1993 to assess the availability, nature and acceptability of HIV/AIDS interventions. An in-depth intensive study carried out in Ruhoko, a village in the Bukoba Rural District, looked at the types of interventions from both the providers' and beneficiaries' point of view. A variety of interventions exist in the area and all are carried out by both foreign and local NGOs in an uncoordinated and unsystematic manner. The government of Tanzania is unable to coordinate these activities because its participation in these processes is insignificant. There are five main interventions: health education, counselling, voluntary HIV testing, treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and the promotion of condom use. It is clear that AIDS awareness is prevalent but varies among groups of men and women and between men and and women. Culture and social relations of gender inequality influence the acceptability of interventions. Recommendations for a comprehensive intervention strategy conclude the paper. Note, ref., sum.Item The Social and Cultural Contexts of HIV/AIDS Transmission in the Kagera Region, Tanzania(1999) Lugalla, Joe L. P.; Emmelin, Maria; Mutembei, Aldin K.; Comoro, C. J.; Killewo, J. Z. J.; Kwesigabo, Gideon; Sandstrom, A. I. M.; Dahlgren, Lars G.Like poverty, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is affecting the sub-continent of Saharan Africa more severely than any other parts of the world, with sixty three percent of global AIDS cases occurring in this region. Tanzania is one of the severely affected countries within sub-Saharan Africa. It is evident that AIDS in this continent is transmitted mainly through heterosexual contact. Since a cure is yet to be found, a change in sexual behavior seems to be the only reliable method of controlling the further spread of HIV. Sexual behavior is shaped by a variety of social and cultural factors inherent in the society. Therefore, understanding the social-cultural context within which AIDS is spreadingItem Strategic planning and higher education management in Africa: the University of Dar es Salaam experience(Dar es Salaam University Press, 2000-01) Luhanga, Matthew L.; Mkude, Daniel; Mbwette, Daniel J.; Chijoriga, Marcelina M.; Ngirwa, Cleophace A.A book that aims to identify the core problems facing African universities and to examine the potential role of strategic planning in addressing them. It reviews global, regional and national development trends in higher education, and identifies problems within the areas of human resources, organisational culture, physical resources, municipal services, governance, financial resources, and quality and quantity of academic and professional outputs. The authors then provide examples from the University of Dar es Salaam's experience and transition programmes to demonstrate how the adoption of a strategic planning and management culture can address the principal common areas of concern. The book is organised into sections covering: higher education management, historical perspectives of planning at the University of Dar es Salaam; strategic planning in higher education institutions; the development of corporate strategic plans; development of the university's five-year rolling strategic plans; strategic planning and the catalysts of the University of Dar es Salaam's transformations; and strategic planning transformations; and strategic planning in African universities, constraints and prospects. The final section also presents experiences from eight other African universities which are known to have adopted strategic planning, and assesses how these universities are addressing core problems. Universities included in the study are Moi; Makerere; Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah; Zambia, Eduardo Mondlane, Botswana and Namibia.Item Communicating About AIDS-Changes in Understanding and Coping with Help of Language in Urban Kagera, Tanzania1(2002) Mutembei, Aldin K.; Emmelin, Maria; Lugalla, Joe L. P.; Dahlgren, Lars G.Faced with the problems of HIV/AIDS, people have to find ways to communicate around them. The aim of this paper is to mirror changes over time in the Kagera people's social cognition regarding HIV/AIDS, using their own language as a tracer of this process. Focus group discussions and personal and group interviews conducted during 1992 to 1995 in urban Bukoba, Kagera, constitute the basis for an analysis of metaphorical expressions in use since 1985. Pronounced uncertainty is later transformed into a deeper understanding of the pandemic and an increased disposition to cope with the situation. Knowledge about the socio-linguistic expressions mapped out in this article can be of help when developing guidelines on how to communicate about interventions.Item Higher Education in Tanzania: A Case Study(Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, 2003-01) Mkude, Daniel; Cooksey, Brian; Levey, LisbethItem Contracting Non-Academic Services To Private Providers: The Dar Es Salaam Experience(2003-09) Mkude, DanielItem Social, Cultural, and Sexual Behavioral Determinants of Observed Decline in HIV Infection Trends: Lessons from the Kagera Region, Tanzania(Elsevier, 2004) Lugalla, Joe; Emmelin, Maria; Mutembei, Aldin K.; Sima, Mwiru; Kwesigabo, Gideon; Killewoe, Japhet; Dahlgren, Lars G.This paper is a follow-up of earlier findings by the Kagera AIDS Research Project (KARP), which documented declining trends in the prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in the Kagera region of Tanzania. The paper examines socio-cultural and sexual behavioral changes as possible determinants of the observed declining trends in Bukoba, the largest urban area of the region. The study used in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, field observations and ethnographic assessments to collect the required data. The findings suggest that since the initial years of the epidemic there have been significant changes in sexual behaviors, norms, values, and customs that are considered high-risk for HIV transmission. The findings show an increase in condom use, abstinence, zero grazing (sticking to one sexual partner) and uptake of voluntary HIV testing while traditional practices such as polygamy, widow inheritance, excessive alcohol consumption, and sexual networking are declining. We suggest that these changes are partly a result of the severity of the epidemic itself in the study area, and interventions that have been carried out in this area since 1987. The major interventions have included health education, the distribution of condoms, AIDS education in schools, voluntary HIV counseling and testing. These are encouraging findings that give hope and we believe that other places within Tanzania and other countries experiencing a severe AIDS crisis have much to learn from this experience. However, changes in norms and behavior are vulnerable; people in Kagera are still at risk and there is a need for continued intervention together with monitoring of the direction of the epidemic.Item HIV-1 Infection Prevalence and Incidence Trends in Areas of Contrasting Levels of Infection in the Kagera Region, Tanzania, 1987-2000(2005) Kwesigabo, Gideon; Killewo, Japhet; Urassa, Willy; Lugalla, Joe; Emmelin, Maria; Mutembei, Aldin K.; Mhalu, Fred; Biberfeld, Gunnel; Wall, Stig; Sandstrom, AnitaThis study aimed at assessing the extent to which decline in HIV infection prevalence reflects decline in incidence in 3 areas with contrasting initial exposure to the HIV epidemic in the Kagera region of Tanzania. A population sample was recruited for the baseline study in 1987 through a multistage cluster sampling technique to determine HIV prevalence. Seronegative individuals identified in the baseline and subsequent studies were followed up for 3 years to yield trends in incidence that were compared for the 3 areas. The overall age-adjusted HIV-1 prevalence in the high-prevalence area of Bukoba urban declined significantly from 24.2% in 1987 to 18.2% in 1993 and later to 13.3% in 1996 (P = 0.0001). In the medium-prevalence area of Muleba, overall age-adjusted prevalence declined significantly from 10.0% in 1987 to 6.8% in 1996 and later to 4.3% in 1999 (P = 0.0003), whereas in the low-prevalence area of Karagwe the prevalence declined from 4.5% in 1987 to 2.6% in 1999 (P = 0.01). In all 3 areas, the most significant decline was consistently observed among women in the age group 15-24 years. No age group exhibited a significant upward prevalence trend. The HIV-1 incidence for Bukoba urban declined from 47.5 to 9.1 per 1000 person-years of observation in 1989 and 1996, respectively, whereas in Muleba it decreased from 8.2 to 3.9 in 1989 and 2000, respectively. Sex-specific estimates indicated a significant decline among women in the high-prevalence area of Bukoba urban from 51.5 to 9.2 per 1000 person-years at risk (P = 0.001). It is concluded that the HIV-1 epidemic in Kagera is on the decrease as reflected by the decline in HIV-1 incidence and prevalence trends particularly among the 15-24 year olds. The decline in the 3 areas of differing magnitude implies that the HIV/AIDS epidemic may be arrested early without necessarily peaking to saturation levels.Item Nadharia ya Fasihi Simulizi na Maendeleo ya Sayansi na Teknolojia(2006) Mutembei, Aldin K.Item Baadhi ya Vipengele vya Uambatizi wa Vitenzi katika Kishambala(TUKI, 2008) Peterson, RhodaUambatizi ni mchakato mmojawapo wa kimofolojia unaohusu uundaji wa maneno. Mchakato huu huhusisha kategoria mbalimbali za maneno, kama vile nomino, vitenzi, vivumishi, vimilikishi, na vioneshi (Kiango, 2000). Vipengele mbalimbali ndani ya kategoria hizo huweza kutofautiana kutoka lugha moja hadi nyingine kutegemeana na sarufi ya lugha husika. Lengo la makala hii ni kuchunguza na kudhihirisha jinsi baadhi ya vipengele vya uambatizi wa vitenzi vinavyojitokeza katika Kishambala. Uchunguzi huu mdogo ni sehemu ya uchunguzi mpana unaolenga kuchambua sarufi ya Kishambala, kazi iliyoanzishwa na wataalamu kadhaa, mmojawapo akiwa marehemu Prof. Besha (1985)Item CHANGAMOTO(TUKI, 2010) MAHENGE, ELIZABETH GODWINTamthiliya hii ya CHANGAMOTO inagusia changamoto wanazokumbana nazo watu wenye mahitaji maalumu katika muktadha wa Bara la Afrika hususani Tanzania. Tamthiliya inasawiri changamoto wanazokumbana nazo watu wenye ulemavu wa viungo, viziwi, wenye ualbino, na bubu.Item Mkabala wa Ki-Korasi katika Kuchambua Kazi za Fasihi ya Kiswahili: Mifano Kutoka Katika Tamthilia(2010) Mutembei, Aldin K.Kwa wachambuzi na wahakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili, mtazamo umekuwa ni wa kugawa makundi mawili: fani na maudhui. Hata hivyo, karibu wote wanakubaliana kuwa mgawanyo huu ni wa kinadharia zaidi na unafanyika kwa ajili ya uchambuzi na uhakiki; kwani katika hali halisi maudhui huwezi kuyatenga kutoka katika fani (Senkoro 1982). Ingawa hivi ndivyo inavyojulikana, hakuna aliyeweza kupendekeza njia ya uchambuzi itakayoziweka pamoja dhana za maudhui na fani. Kwangu mimi, tatizo liko katika umapokeo, na kwa hiyo wachambuzi na wahakiki ambao bado wanashikilia dhana za fani na maudhui kwamba ndizo pekee zitumikazo katika uchambuzi wa fasihi wamegubikwa na mazoea ya kimapokeo ambayo mara nyingi hugomea mabadiliko. Dhana za fani na maudhui zimesimama kama sheria-mama katika uchambuzi na uhakiki wa fasihi. Kutokana na mtazamo huu wa ki-fani na ki-maudhui, wahakiki na wachambuzi wa fasihi kama vile tamthilia wameweka vigezo ambavyo havina budi vifuatwe iwapo mtu atataka kuichambua na kuihakiki kazi ya fasihi. Vigezo hivi sasa vimechukuliwa kama ni sheria katika uchambuzi na uhakiki wa tamthilia. Hata kuna waliothubutu kuweka "sheria" katika ubunifu wa kazi za fasihi Lakini uchambuzi, na hata uhakiki, kama ulivyo utunzi wa kifasihi, ni vigumu kuubana kwa sheria kama hizo. Suala la sheria katika usanii linaelekea kuwa jadi ya wanamapokeo (Abedi 1954; Mayoka 1984). Jambo hili limepingwa vikali katika usanii wa ushairi wa Kiswahili (Kezilahabi 1974; Mulokozi na Kahigi 1979). Likapingwa na E. Hussein kuhusu tamthilia aliposema: "Kuandika mchezo wa kuigiza ni kuumba sanaa. Na sanaa hukataa maelezo; kamwe haitaki sheria" (Hussein 1983: 195). Katika makala haya linapingwa katika uchambuzi wa fasihi ya Kiswahili. Nasisitiza kuwa fani na maudhui zisichukuliwe kuwa ndio dhana pekee zinapopaswa kuangaliwa wakati wa kuchambua fasihi. Dhana ya korasi ikieleweka vizuri, itaonekana kuwa ni kipengele kinachopaswa kuangaliwa kwa upekee wake na kikatumika katika uchambuzi wa kazi ya fasihi.Item Kauli za utendwa/utendewa katika tamthilia za Machozi ya Mwanamke na Heshima Yangu(TUKI, 2010) Mahenge, ElizabethKazi hii ni ya utafiti wa kiisimu mitindo unaolenga kulinganisha na kulinganua kazi mbili za tamthiliya za Kiswahili ambazo ni Heshima Yangu (Muhando, 1974) na Machozi ya Mwanamke (Ngozi, 1977). Kwanza, makala inachunguza matumizi ya kauli za utendwa/utendewa katika tamthiliya hizi ili kujua kama ni ya hiari au shinikizo la muktadha. Vilevile lengo ni kujua tofauti ya matumizi hayo kwa waandishi hawa ili kuona wana mwelekeo gani. Pili, makala inatafuta sababu za matumizi haya ya kauli zenye utendwa/utendewa katika tamthiliya hizo. Baada ya hapo, makala inachunguza aina za utendwa/utendewa zilizojitokeza katika tamthiliya hizo. Dai tete linaloongoza makala hii ni kwamba, katika tamthilia hizi mbili, wanaume wanatumia kwa wingi kauli zenye utendwa kuliko wanawakeItem UKIMWIISHAJI wa Utanzu wa Fasihi: Mifano kutoka Methali za Tanzania(2011) Mutembei, Aldin K.UKIMWI umeendelea kuleta changamoto katika maisha ya binadamu. Ni janga ambalo linagusa maisha ya kila siku ya binadamu katika nchi nyingi na hasa zilizo fukara. Kutokana na kugusa sehemu mbalimbali za maisha, janga hili limejadiliwa katika nyanja mbalimbali za kitaaluma ikiwa ni pamoja na tabia na mahusiano ya watu (Nelkin na wenzie 1991). Katika Tanzania, UKIMWI umejadiliwa kihistoria (Kaijage, 1993) na hata katika sanaa mbalimbali ikiwamo lugha na fasihi (Mutembei 2001; Mutembei na wenzie, 2002) Kuhusu lugha na fasihi kwa ujumla, UKIMWI ndio ugonjwa ambao kwa muda mfupi umejitokeza katika maandishi zaidi kuliko magonjwa mengine yoyote yale. Hata katika nchi za ki-Magharibi kwa mfano, kifasihi UKIMWI umejitokeza katika maandishi zaidi kuliko saratani. Nchini Marekani, UKIMWI umejadiliwa zaidi katika maandishi kuliko kifua kikuu katika miaka ya 1990 kama Goldstein (na wenzie) wanavyosema katika nukuu hii: Wala sio kifua kikuu, lile gonjwa, kigaga cha magonjwa ya mlipuko, ambalo kwa kulinganisha na magonjwa mengine lenyewe linaweza kutoa maandishi mengi ya kifasihi kwa muda mfupi. [Not even tuberculosis, that most “aesthetic” of epidemics, produces a comparable outpouring in so short a time]. (Goldstein katika Nelkin na wenzie 1991: 17) (Tafsiri ya mwandishi). Mbali na kulinganishwa na kifua kikuu, UKIMWI nchini Marekani, unajitokeza zaidi katika maandishi kuliko homa ya manjano, kipindupindu na magonjwa mengine mengi. Kwa muda mfupi tu, UKIMWI umejitokeza katika maandishi ya kifasihi sawa na gonjwa la tauni lilivyojitokeza katika maandishi ya namna hiyo huko Ulaya. Kwa sababu ya hali hii, janga hili linavuta hamu ya kitaaluma ya kutaka kutafiti ni kwa vipi na kwa kiasi gani limejipenyeza katika sanaa za jamii, na hususani limejipenyeza katika tanzu zipi za fasihi ya jamii. Kwa mfano, ni kwa kiasi gani UKIMWI umejipenyeza katika fasihi ya Kiswahili? Ni kwa namna gani athari za UKIMWI zinaweza kuonekana kama kipengele cha ujumi katika maisha ya Watanzania? Katika fasihi, ni tanzu zipi zimeitikia mguso wa janga hili na kulielezea kisanii? Na maelezo hayo yanamaanisha nini katika maendeleo ya utanzu husika na kwa fasihi kwa ujumla? Katika mantiki hii, makala haya yanajadili jinsi utanzu wa methali unavyoguswa na janga hili.Item Kukitandawazisha Kiswahili kupitia Simu za Kiganjani: Tafakari kuhusu Isimujamii(2011) Mutembei, Aldin K.Mojawapo ya matokeo ya utandawazi ni kuwapo kwa simu za kiganjani1 na matumizi yake. Siku hizi nchini Tanzania mawasiliano ya simu yamekuwako kwa wingi kuliko ilivyokuwa tangu wakati wa uhuru hadi katikati ya miaka ya tisini. Mahali ambapo hakukuwa na mawasiliano kabisa, kama sehemu nyingi za vijiji vya Tanzania, siku hizi kuna mawasiliano kwa njia ya simu hizi za kiganjani na lugha inayotumika katika mawasiliano haya ni Kiswahili. Lugha ya Kiswahili inayotumika katika simu hizi ni ya kiutandawazi na pengine si rahisi kuiona nje ya wigo huu wa kiutandawazi ambao pia unajumuisha mawasiliano kwa barua pepe, na maongezi katika tovuti. Katika lugha hii ya kiutandawazi, watu huwasiliana kwa kutumiana matini fupi fupi zenye mchanganyiko wa maneno na namba, na hivyo kuunda lugha tofauti na iliyozoeleka katika jamii nyingine.Item KISWAHILI SILAHA YA AFRIKA: Wanasiasa na Watawala(2011)Makala haya yanajadili suala la lugha na uhusiano wake na watawala na wanasiasa. Ingawa yanatoa mifano ya nafasi ya lugha katika kuwainua wanasiasa na dhima yake katika ulinzi na usalama, mjadala unalenga kuiangalia lugha ya Kiswahili na nafasi yake katika uwezekano wa kuwa lugha inayotumika Afrika yote. Lugha ya Kiswahili inalinganishwa na silaha ambayo haina budi kutumiwa na nchi za Kiafrika katika kujenga na kuulinda Uafrika. Swali kubwa ni: je, ni kwa nini wanasiasa huitumia tu lugha ili kujiinua na kisha kuiacha kando ikiisha kuwatimizia haja zao? Suala hili ni changamoto kubwa kwa wanasiasa ambao huwa watawala wanaozingatia masilahi yao binafsi. Haya ni makala ya kiuchambuzi ambayo yanalenga kuibua mjadala kuhusu hatua ambazo hazinabudi kuchukuliwa ili kuifanya lugha ya Kiswahili kuwa lugha ya Waafrika.Item KISWAHILI BIDHAA ADIMU:JIAJIRI(FEDAM LANGUAGE SERVICES CO. LTD, 2011) MAHENGE, ELIZABETH GODWINKitabu hiki kinachambua nafasi ya Kiswahili kama kitega uchumi. Je, bidhaa hii inawezaje kumkomboa na kumtajirisha Mswahili? Jibu la swali hili ni kwamba, kwa kutafsiri kazi mbalimbali zilizoandikwa kwa lugha nyinginezo – kunaweza kumpa soko la ajira mzungumzaji wa Kiswahili. Zipo fursa mbalimbali ambazo zitamwezesha mzungumzaji wa lugha hii kuondokana na umaskini wa kipato. Kitabu hiki kitabainisha kinagaubaga namna ya kutajirika kwa kupitia lugha ya Kiswahili.Item Higher Education as an Instrument of Social Integration in Tanzania: Challenges and Prospects(Research in Comparative and International Education, 2011-12) Mkude, DanielIn developing countries, higher education is a powerful instrument for social mobility and economic prosperity. An in-depth study of the relationship between higher education and certain equity issues has revealed that in Ghana and Tanzania there is inadequate effort to widen higher education participation to include traditionally disadvantaged groups. The article argues that provided they have strong and visionary leadership, universities can spearhead efforts to make higher education accessible to such disadvantaged groups through the judicious use of their admissions and selection criteria, and the mounting of special make-up and support programmes.Item Mwalimu J. K. Nyerere1 as an African rewriter: The case of Kiswahili creative translations and rewritings(University of Namibia, 2012) Malangwa, Pendo SaluRewriting, in the narrow sense, is the presentation of works of literature to suit various ideological and poetological ends; it refers to the written process of changing genres. In the broader sense, it includes all forms of transforming a text from one culture or text type to another. In that sense, rewriting places the production and reception of literature within the wider framework of culture and history. Translation is one form of rewriting; it transforms a text written in one source language into another target language. States or their leaders can use rewritings for cultural, political, economical and ideological purposes. JK Nyerere used rewriting as a tool for ideological, social and Cultural Revolution. Moreover, he used rewriting as a technique of mobilizing and influencing his society towards appreciating religious doctrine and African socialism. This paper examines some of JK Nyerere's …Item Overcoming the barriers through literal and descriptive translations: Examples of Kanga names(UNAM, 2012) Malangwa, Pendo SaluKanga names are presented using Swahili pithy sayings, riddles and proverbs. The names communicate the culture and philosophy of the Swahili people, especially those dwelling along the coast of the Indian Ocean, their perceptions on women and the way women view themselves. There are attempts to translate these texts from Kiswahili into English for various reasons. Since the texts are cultivated in the Swahili culture and philosophy, establishing equivalents in English is a major challenge. Translators of such texts apply some techniques to achieve their objectives. This paper appreciates the application of literal and descriptive translations in translating these cultural expressions.